7.1 1 PCR

Question 1

Genome

Answer 1

all the genetic material in an organism

Question 2

prokaryote DNA location

Answer 2

cytoplasm-both main chromosome and plasmids

Question 3

eukaryote DNA location

Answer 3

nucleus ,mitochondia , green plant cells also chloroplast

Question 4

coding regions for proteins

Answer 4

exons (2% of chromosome)

Question 5

large non-coding regions of DNA

Answer 5

Removed from mRNA before translation INTRONS

Question 6

DNA/gene sequencing

Answer 6

analysis of individual base sequence along a DNA strand or an individual gene
Can be used to idenitfy species of living organism

Question 7

DNA profiling

Answer 7

analyse pattern of non-coding areas of DNA and use them to identify individuals e.g in law or paternity test

Question 8

PCR

Answer 8

Polymerase chain reaction
replicates a small sample of DNA into a larger sample
said the sample has been “amplified”

Question 9

Initial reagents

Answer 9

Taq DNA polymerase (Taq bacterium hot springs so can be used at 90 degrees)
primers 
good supply of 4 DNA nucleotide bases 
buffer
then placed in a pcr machiene

Question 10

Primers

Answer 10

small sequences of dna joing ot the beginning of seperated strands of DNA to mark where replication will begin

Question 11

STAGE 1

Answer 11

DENATURE @90-95 degrees C
DNA strands seperate as hydrogen bonds between them break down
30 SECONDS

Question 12

STAGE 2

Answer 12

ANNEALING @50-55 degrees C
Primers bind to single DNA strands
20 SECONDS

Question 13

STAGE 3

Answer 13

ELONGATION@72 degrees C
optium temperature for the Taq DNA polymerase enzyme build up complementary strands of DNA
1 MINUTE

Question 14

OVERALL PROCESS

Answer 14

Steps repeated around thrity times producing around 1 billion copies of original DNA
Whole process around 1 hour due to heating and cooling

Question 15

why are temperatures kept high

Answer 15

to stop hydrogen bonds reforming