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3/4 VET HEALTH > 6.Special Senses > Flashcards

6.Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

describe the eye structure

A

-2.5 cm diameter sphere
-3 layers

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2
Q

Outline 3 layers of eye

A

Outermost=Fibrous (sclera and cornea)

Middle=Vascular (choroid, iris and ciliary body)

Innermost=Nervous (retina)

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3
Q

Structure of cornea

A

-outermost transparent layer
-convex shape

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4
Q

Function of cornea

A

Refract/ focus light onto the retina

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5
Q

Sclera structure

A

white outer layer of eye

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6
Q

Function of Sclera

A

fibrous layer that helps maintain integrity and shape of the eye

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7
Q

Structure of choroid

A

-lines posterior portion of inner sclera
-rich in blood vessels

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8
Q

Function of choroid

A

-supplies nutrients to the retina
-light that stimulate photoreceptors in the retina is then absorbed by the choroid

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9
Q

Structure of pupil

A

Opening in the iris

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10
Q

Function of pupil

A

-allows light to pass through eye
-Dilate and constrict depending on light levels

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11
Q

Pupil in different light levels

A

Pupils dilate in low light and constrict in bright light hence changing the amount of light that enters the eye

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12
Q

Structure of iris

A

smooth muscle ring that is coloured part of eye

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13
Q

Function of iris

A

-regulates amount of light that enters the eye by controlling the pupil
-can be thin or wide

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14
Q

Iris in different light levels

A

low light means thin iris
high light means wide iris

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15
Q

How to test pupil function

A

using a pen light to see dilation and constriction

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16
Q

Structure of ciliary body

A

-a continuation of choroid
-made of smooth muscle fibres and secretory epithelial cells

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17
Q

Function of ciliary body

A

-controls shape of lens
-produces aqueous humours that provides nutrients for AVASCULAR structures

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18
Q

Lens structure

A

biconvex and highly elastic

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19
Q

Function of lens

A

-adjust the focus of the eye
-refracts and bends light rays
-allows for clear vision

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20
Q

Structure of retina

A

-inside surface of eyeball that houses photoreceptors

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21
Q

Function of retina

A

-receives light signals and converts these into neural signals for processing and interpretation
-Contain photoreceptors (rods and cones)

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22
Q

Function of rods

A

responsible for motion/ black and white vision/ located in periphery of retina

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23
Q

Function of cones

A

responsible for central vision /colour vision

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24
Q

How many rods and cones

A

91m rods and 4.5m cones

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25
Structure of optic nerve
-cranial nerve -originates in retina
26
Function of optic nerve
-transmits neural messages from retina to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
27
what type of energy is light
electromagnetic
28
Function of eyebrows
-protect eyes from dust, foreign material, and sweat by stopping them from entering eye (hairs-link to integumentary)
29
Function of eyelids
-protect eyes from injury and spread moisture (tears) preventing drying of the eyes (skin-link to integumentary)
30
Function of eyelashes
-Protect eye from injury and spread moisture (hair-link to integumentary)
31
Function of lacrimal glands
-provide conjunctiva with oxygen, nutrients and drains wastes -create tears which contain enzymes which prevent disease from bacterial microbes (link to immune) -provide secreting fluid that lubricates eyes
32
Function of conjunctiva
produce mucus and tears -protects and lubricates eye
33
location of conjunctiva
lines the inside of eyelids and covers sclera
34
order of light through eye
cornea, pupil, iris, lens , vitreous humour, retina, optic nerve, occipital lobe
35
What is the ear
organ of sound and equilibrium
36
Function of ear
-detect sound waves and convert to nerve signals -detect changes in position
37
define a sound wave
when a object vibrates it causes a movement in surrounding air molecules
38
identify outer ear structure
pinna / auricle auditory canal
39
Function of outer ear
collect sound waves
40
Describe pinna
external, visible part of ear
41
Function of pinna
shaped to funnel/concentrate/collect sound waves into auditory Canal
42
Function of auditory/ ear canal
transmit sound waves from pinna to eardrum
43
Identify middle ear structures
-tympanic membrane (eardrum) ossicles =malleus, incus, stapes
44
Function of middle ear
transmit sound waves
45
Function of ear drum / tympanic membrane
-transmits sound waves to middear via vibrations -protect middle ear from bacteria and foreign particles
46
Identify 3 ossicles
malleus -hammer incus -anvil stapes-stirrup
47
pinna =
auricle
48
ear drum =
tympanic membrane
49
Function of ossicles
-transmits vibrations/sound waves from outer ear to cochlea -amplifies sound waves
50
Identify structures of inner ear
cochlea and vestibular system
51
Function of inner ear
process sound waves & detect changes in body position
52
Function of cochlea
transforms sound waves into neural signals
53
Identify structures of vestibular system
semicircular canals vestibule vestibular nerve
54
which cranial nerve is the optic nerve
2nd
55
Function of vestibular system
-detects changes in body positions then sends information to brain to maintain equilibrium and balance
56
Describe the Eustachian tube
connects middle ear to nasopharynx
57
Function of Eustachian tube
maintains pressure & drains middle ear
58
Function of vestibular nerve
transmits messages from vestibule to brain about balance and equilibrium
59
Cochlear nerve function
transmits messages from cochlea to brain to interpret sound
60
Outline process of hearing
-sound wave generated in environment -pinna/auricle collects and directs sound waves to auditory canal -sound waves travel through auditory canal to ear drum -ear drum vibrates -vibration transmitted through ossicles which amplify sound waves (mallets, incus, stapes) -vibrations pass through fluid in cochlea -hair cells (stereocillia) activated and a nerve impulse is generated -signals transmitted to brain via cochlea nerve
61
What fluids detects equilibrium changes
fluids in the semicircular canals and endolymph in the vestibular system detect changes in balance and head position and trigger stereocillia
62
what receptors detect tastants and odourants
chemoreceptors
63
describe how we smell
-air enters nasal cavity -air is warmed, moistened and filtered -olfactory receptors lining the roof of the nasal cavity detect odourants as they dissolve into muscus membrane -sensory messages sent to brain via olfactory nerve
64
what cranial nerve is olfactory nerve
1st
65
Purpose of tasting
survival/evolutionary purpose eg bitter taste is associated with poisonous foods and umami is linked to protein
66
Describe the process of tasting
-food enters mouth -chemicals from food are dissolved in saliva -taste receptors on tongue and in mouth detect tastants -sensory messages sent to brain via facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve
67
identify the taste. sensations/ flavours
umami sour sweet bitter salty
68
brain area for taste
gustatory cortex
69
brain area for smell
frontal lobe (understanding), components of limbic system eg hypothalamus, amygdala (emotional link)
70
how does the lens change shape
it gets flatter to look in the distance and bulges for nearby objects
71
avascular structures of eye
lens, cornea and sclera

3/4 VET HEALTH (22 decks)

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