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3/4 VET HEALTH > 6.Special Senses > Flashcards

6.Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

describe the eye structure

A

-2.5 cm diameter sphere
-3 layers

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2
Q

Outline 3 layers of eye

A

Outermost=Fibrous (sclera and cornea)

Middle=Vascular (choroid, iris and ciliary body)

Innermost=Nervous (retina)

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3
Q

Structure of cornea

A

-outermost transparent layer
-convex shape

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4
Q

Function of cornea

A

Refract/ focus light onto the retina

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5
Q

Sclera structure

A

white outer layer of eye

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6
Q

Function of Sclera

A

fibrous layer that helps maintain integrity and shape of the eye

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7
Q

Structure of choroid

A

-lines posterior portion of inner sclera
-rich in blood vessels

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8
Q

Function of choroid

A

-supplies nutrients to the retina
-light that stimulate photoreceptors in the retina is then absorbed by the choroid

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9
Q

Structure of pupil

A

Opening in the iris

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10
Q

Function of pupil

A

-allows light to pass through eye
-Dilate and constrict depending on light levels

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11
Q

Pupil in different light levels

A

Pupils dilate in low light and constrict in bright light hence changing the amount of light that enters the eye

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12
Q

Structure of iris

A

smooth muscle ring that is coloured part of eye

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13
Q

Function of iris

A

-regulates amount of light that enters the eye by controlling the pupil
-can be thin or wide

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14
Q

Iris in different light levels

A

low light means thin iris
high light means wide iris

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15
Q

How to test pupil function

A

using a pen light to see dilation and constriction

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16
Q

Structure of ciliary body

A

-a continuation of choroid
-made of smooth muscle fibres and secretory epithelial cells

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17
Q

Function of ciliary body

A

-controls shape of lens
-produces aqueous humours that provides nutrients for AVASCULAR structures

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18
Q

Lens structure

A

biconvex and highly elastic

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19
Q

Function of lens

A

-adjust the focus of the eye
-refracts and bends light rays
-allows for clear vision

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20
Q

Structure of retina

A

-inside surface of eyeball that houses photoreceptors

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21
Q

Function of retina

A

-receives light signals and converts these into neural signals for processing and interpretation
-Contain photoreceptors (rods and cones)

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22
Q

Function of rods

A

responsible for motion/ black and white vision/ located in periphery of retina

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23
Q

Function of cones

A

responsible for central vision /colour vision

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24
Q

How many rods and cones

A

91m rods and 4.5m cones

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25
Q

Structure of optic nerve

A

-cranial nerve
-originates in retina

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26
Q

Function of optic nerve

A

-transmits neural messages from retina to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

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27
Q

what type of energy is light

A

electromagnetic

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28
Q

Function of eyebrows

A

-protect eyes from dust, foreign material, and sweat by stopping them from entering eye (hairs-link to integumentary)

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29
Q

Function of eyelids

A

-protect eyes from injury and spread moisture (tears) preventing drying of the eyes (skin-link to integumentary)

30
Q

Function of eyelashes

A

-Protect eye from injury and spread moisture (hair-link to integumentary)

31
Q

Function of lacrimal glands

A

-provide conjunctiva with oxygen, nutrients and drains wastes
-create tears which contain enzymes which prevent disease from bacterial microbes (link to immune)
-provide secreting fluid that lubricates eyes

32
Q

Function of conjunctiva

A

produce mucus and tears
-protects and lubricates eye

33
Q

location of conjunctiva

A

lines the inside of eyelids and covers sclera

34
Q

order of light through eye

A

cornea, pupil, iris, lens , vitreous humour, retina, optic nerve, occipital lobe

35
Q

What is the ear

A

organ of sound and equilibrium

36
Q

Function of ear

A

-detect sound waves and convert to nerve signals
-detect changes in position

37
Q

define a sound wave

A

when a object vibrates it causes a movement in surrounding air molecules

38
Q

identify outer ear structure

A

pinna / auricle
auditory canal

39
Q

Function of outer ear

A

collect sound waves

40
Q

Describe pinna

A

external, visible part of ear

41
Q

Function of pinna

A

shaped to funnel/concentrate/collect sound waves into auditory Canal

42
Q

Function of auditory/ ear canal

A

transmit sound waves from pinna to eardrum

43
Q

Identify middle ear structures

A

-tympanic membrane (eardrum)
ossicles =malleus, incus, stapes

44
Q

Function of middle ear

A

transmit sound waves

45
Q

Function of ear drum / tympanic membrane

A

-transmits sound waves to middear via vibrations
-protect middle ear from bacteria and foreign particles

46
Q

Identify 3 ossicles

A

malleus -hammer
incus -anvil
stapes-stirrup

47
Q

pinna =

48
Q

ear drum =

A

tympanic membrane

49
Q

Function of ossicles

A

-transmits vibrations/sound waves from outer ear to cochlea
-amplifies sound waves

50
Q

Identify structures of inner ear

A

cochlea and vestibular system

51
Q

Function of inner ear

A

process sound waves & detect changes in body position

52
Q

Function of cochlea

A

transforms sound waves into neural signals

53
Q

Identify structures of vestibular system

A

semicircular canals
vestibule
vestibular nerve

54
Q

which cranial nerve is the optic nerve

55
Q

Function of vestibular system

A

-detects changes in body positions then sends information to brain to maintain equilibrium and balance

56
Q

Describe the Eustachian tube

A

connects middle ear to nasopharynx

57
Q

Function of Eustachian tube

A

maintains pressure & drains middle ear

58
Q

Function of vestibular nerve

A

transmits messages from vestibule to brain about balance and equilibrium

59
Q

Cochlear nerve function

A

transmits messages from cochlea to brain to interpret sound

60
Q

Outline process of hearing

A

-sound wave generated in environment
-pinna/auricle collects and directs sound waves to auditory canal
-sound waves travel through auditory canal to ear drum
-ear drum vibrates
-vibration transmitted through ossicles which amplify sound waves (mallets, incus, stapes)
-vibrations pass through fluid in cochlea
-hair cells (stereocillia) activated and a nerve impulse is generated
-signals transmitted to brain via cochlea nerve

61
Q

What fluids detects equilibrium changes

A

fluids in the semicircular canals and endolymph in the vestibular system detect changes in balance and head position and trigger stereocillia

62
Q

what receptors detect tastants and odourants

A

chemoreceptors

63
Q

describe how we smell

A

-air enters nasal cavity
-air is warmed, moistened and filtered
-olfactory receptors lining the roof of the nasal cavity detect odourants as they dissolve into muscus membrane
-sensory messages sent to brain via olfactory nerve

64
Q

what cranial nerve is olfactory nerve

65
Q

Purpose of tasting

A

survival/evolutionary purpose
eg bitter taste is associated with poisonous foods and umami is linked to protein

66
Q

Describe the process of tasting

A

-food enters mouth
-chemicals from food are dissolved in saliva
-taste receptors on tongue and in mouth detect tastants
-sensory messages sent to brain via facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve

67
Q

identify the taste. sensations/ flavours

A

umami
sour
sweet
bitter
salty

68
Q

brain area for taste

A

gustatory cortex

69
Q

brain area for smell

A

frontal lobe (understanding), components of limbic system eg hypothalamus, amygdala (emotional link)

70
Q

how does the lens change shape

A

it gets flatter to look in the distance and bulges for nearby objects

71
Q

avascular structures of eye

A

lens, cornea and sclera

3/4 VET HEALTH (22 decks)

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