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3/4 VET HEALTH > 3. Immune system > Flashcards

3. Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Pathogen

A

Disease causing agent

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2
Q

What is an Antigen

A

Specific surface marker on pathogens that can be detected by WBC

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3
Q

What does Self mean

A

A surface marker which is detected as belonging to the human body

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4
Q

What does Non-self mean

A

A surface marker which is detected as foreign to the body

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5
Q

Function of Neutrophils

A

First responder of immune cells

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6
Q

What are Lymphocytes

A

B and T cells that defend against specific invaders

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7
Q

Immune system function

A

To protect the body against infection, illness and disease
-prevent entry then trap them and then destroy / kill them

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8
Q

Describe the First line of defence

A

Physical and chemical barriers which aim to prevent pathogens from entering the body

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9
Q

How does the skin provide protection

A

-Act as physical/ Intact barrier
-Dead cells constantly slough off
-Sebum→contain bacteriacidal / fungicidal properties
-Sweat containing salt→hostile environment for pathogens
-Hair prevents foreign bodies from entering

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10
Q

List the Physical barriers

A

Hair- ears, nose, eyelashes
Ear wax
Mucous
Skin

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11
Q

Identify Mucous membranes locations

A

Respiratory tract
Alimentary tract
Genitourinary tract

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12
Q

Structure of mucous membranes

A

Surface layer of epithelial cells over a deeper layer of connective tissue

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13
Q

Function of mucous membranes

A

Produces mucous which provides a dense barrier to trap foreign particles that can later be removed

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14
Q

List the Chemical barriers

A

Tears
Saliva
Stomach acid

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15
Q

Tears and saliva function

A

Contain lysozymes (enzymes) which break down bacteria

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16
Q

Stomach acid function

A

Contains HCl (ph of 2) which destroy pathogens that have entered the stomach eg via food

17
Q

Where do Microbial barriers exist

A

Skin
Stomach
Vagina

18
Q

How do microbial barriers work

A

The presence of of normal (healthy) microbes means that there is limited resources (space) for bacterial growth

19
Q

What does non specific mean

A

Response will be the same for all invading pathogens

20
Q

What does the second line of defence do

A

Traps pathogens by inflammation and phagocystosis

21
Q

What is the mucocilliary escalator

A

cilia on bronchial wall that helps trap pathogens which enter via the respiratory tract (in respiratory system)

22
Q

Describe the PROCESS of inflammation

A

-the skin is penetrated which triggers a innate, non specific response

-blood capillaries increase permeability (leakiness) and hence more WBC’s leak out into surrounding tissues // vasodilation also occurs

-Increased leakiness of capillaries means that swelling occurs (traps pathogens and may cause pain)
-Increased leakiness of capillaries means that more phagocytes migrate to the site of injury and the further release of cytokines if triggered

-Vasodilation means that there increased blood flow to site of injury (causing redness and heat)

23
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation

A

protect, isolate and inactivate cause of (and) damaged tissue

24
Q

Describe the PROCESS of phagocytosis

A

-Phagocyte recognises bacteria as ‘non self’
-phagocyte engulfs bacteria or pathogen
-phagosome and phagolysosome form
-enzymes within the lysosome breaks down pathogens
-unwanted cellular material is removed from the cell

25
Q

Whats fever and its purpose

A

Fever is often a sign that the body is suffering an infection
-an increase in temperature creates a hostile environment for the pathogen to survive

26
Q

Outline what is meant by specific immunity

A

-reacts in a specific way to each infection
-triggered by a specific antigen
-delayed at first
-greater (faster, sustained, significant ) response on 2nd encounter
-develops over time

27
Q

Distinguish between cell mediated and humoral response

A

-The cell mediated response involves T lymphocytes whereas the humeral response involves B lymphocytes (antibodies)

28
Q

Which lines of defence have memory

A

3rd

29
Q

Which lines of defence are specific

A

3rd

30
Q

Which line of defence has different levels of response

A

3rd

31
Q

How do b cells vs t cells work

A

B cells secrete antibodies whereas T cells secrete cytokines

32
Q

Where do B cells vs T cells attack invaders

A

B cells outside of cells whereas T ells attack inside of cells

33
Q

How does the process of antibodies work

A

-Antibody and antigen bind (deactivates the pathogen)
-Forms lattice and agglutination occurs which triggers phagocytes for phagocytosis (engulf and destroy)
-Signals release of cytotoxins which kills cells
-Immobilise the pathogen

34
Q

Distinguish between active and passive immunity

A

Active immunity is where antibodies are produced within the body

Antibodies are produced in one person and then introduced into another for passive immunity

35
Q

eg of natural active

A

-infected with pathogen

36
Q

eg of induced active

A

vaccine

37
Q

eg of natural passive

A

breastmilk and placenta

38
Q

eg of induced passive

A

plasma donations

39
Q

define autoimmune disease

A

-condition in which immune system attacks own body as it is unable to differentiate between self and non self antigens

eg MS, MND

3/4 VET HEALTH (22 decks)

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