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3/4 VET HEALTH > 5.Nervous system > Flashcards

5.Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what’s the nervous system

A

complex highly organised network of specialised cells that enables the brain to receive internal and external stimuli

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2
Q

Outline 3 functions of Nervous system

A

-maintain homeostasis
-detect, interpret and respond to internal AND external stimuli
-control and coordinate voluntary and involuntary activities of the body

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3
Q

what’s the CNS consist of

A

brain
spinal chord

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4
Q

what’s the PNS consist of

A

Peripheral nerves
-cranial and spinal nerves

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5
Q

Outline how the body coordinates a response

A
  1. Sensory receptors eg photoreceptors detect sensory information and carry it to the CNS via the afferent pathway
  2. Interneurons of the CNS coordinate a response

3.Motor neurones carry the motor command from the CNS to an effector (down the efferent pathway) and the effector carries out a response

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6
Q

Major division of NS

A

CNS and PNS

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7
Q

division of PNS

A

Sensory and motor divison

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8
Q

division of motor and sensory NS

A

Autonomic and Somatic NS

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9
Q

Division of somatic NS

A

-transmits sensory info
-carry out voluntary muscle movements

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10
Q

Division of Autonomic NS

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS
AND ENTERIC NS

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11
Q

Function of CNS

A

process information received from body internal and external environments

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12
Q

What is the brain

A

-mass of soft nerve tissue
-1.4 kg

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13
Q

Brain function

A

receive and interpret sensory information
-responsible for memory, curiosity,thinking, learning…

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14
Q

Function of spinal chord

A

-connects brain to rest of body
-receives sensory information and transfers it from body to brain
-receives motor information and transfers it from brain to body

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15
Q

Four lobes of brain

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

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16
Q

Whats concussion

A

mild traumatic brain injury caused by direct or indirect blow to head

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17
Q

symptoms of concussion

A

-headache, dizziness, blurred vison, nausea, confusion

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18
Q

Whats the peripheral NS

A

all nerves outside brain and spinal chord

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19
Q

Function of PNS

A

carries sensory information from body to CNS and motor information from CNS to body

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20
Q

types of sensory information

A

Visceral-signals from internal organs
Somatic- position, touch, pain ,temp and pressure
Special senses- smell, taste, vision, balance and hearing

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21
Q

Function of autonomic NS

A

controls INVOLUNTARY systems
-heartbeat
-peristalsis
-breathing rate
-glands
-hormones

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22
Q

Function of Somatic NS

A

Controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements

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23
Q

Function of Sympathetic NS

A

-prepares the body for a fight or flight response

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24
Q

Function of Parasympathetic NS

A

-Prepares body for rest and repair

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25
Q

4 Physiological changes for sympathetic NS

A

reduce digestion, decreased bladder control, dilate pulse, increase HR , diversion of blood towards muscles

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26
Q

4 Physiological changes for Parasympathetic NS

A

Decreased HR, pupils constrict, increased bladder control, stop sweating, increased digestion

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27
Q

identify parts of neuron

A

dendritic spines, dendrite, nucleus, cell body/soma, axon, myelin sheath, node of ranvier, Schwann cell, axon terminals, terminal buttons/synaptic knobs, synapse

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28
Q

What are glial cells

A

supportive/connective cells of the NS that do not transmit an action potential

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29
Q

Identify CNS glial cells

A

Astrocyte, microglia, oligodendroglia

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30
Q

Identify PNS glial cells

A

Schwann and satellite cells

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31
Q

Astrocyte function

A

-star shaped that provide physical and nutritional support eg.clean neural debris, digest dead neurons, transport nutrients to nucleus

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32
Q

Microglia function

A

digest part of dead neurons

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33
Q

Oligodendroglia function

A

produce myelin sheath for CNS neurons (insulate + protect)

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34
Q

Schwann cell function

A

produce myelin sheath for PNS neurons (insulate+protect)

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35
Q

Satellite cell function

A

physical support to PNS neurons

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36
Q

function of nerve cells

A

transmit electrical signals

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37
Q

Dendrite function

A

branch like extensions which receives input from other neurons

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38
Q

Cell body/soma function

A

includes a nucleus which controls the neuron

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39
Q

Axon function

A

carries electrical information from the cell body to the axon terminals

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40
Q

Synapse function

A

-space between neurons where transmission occurs
-allows for transmission between neurons via chemical communication

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41
Q

Axon terminals function

A

branch like extensions from axon that carries messages to terminal buttons

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42
Q

Terminal buttons function

A

sends signals from a neuron to adjacent cells (release neurotransmitters)

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43
Q

Myelin sheath function

A

white fatty substance that covers and insulates the axon, hence speeding up the rate of transmission and prevents stimuli interfering with transmission

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44
Q

Function of node of ranvier

A

gaps in myelin sheath, allow for rapid depolarisation of nerve impulse

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45
Q

Identify stages of neural communication

A

Resting Potential
Threshold
Depolarisation
Repolarisation

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46
Q

Describe resting potential

A

=-70m/v
-Sodium outside the cell and potassium inside, positive outside and negative inside the cell
-Sodium and Potassium channels closed
-Neuron at rest

47
Q

Describe Threshold

A

-Stimulus (neurotransmitters bind to receptor sites on dendrites intern increasing the charge inside the cell
=-55m/v is the threshold
-once -55m/v reached sodium channels open and the action potential fires in an all or nothing event

48
Q

Describe Depolarisation

A

-Positively charged sodium ions rush onto the cell and cell becomes more positively charged
=+40m/v
-the cell is now positive inside and negative inside and hence opposite of polarised

49
Q

Describe Repolarisation

A

-after action potential the cell returns to its resting state
-K+ channels open, potassium rushes out of cell reversing the depolarisation and cell becomes polarised once again (back to -70m/v)
-

50
Q

Reflex definition

A

involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus

51
Q

Reflex arc is

A

the path taken by nerve impulse in reflex

RECPETOR–> Sensory neuron –> interneuron–>motor neuron–> effector

52
Q

Identify two types of reflex

A

monosynaptic and polysynaptic

53
Q

contrast a mono and polysynaptic reflex

A

Monosynaptic only contains one synapse and a sensory+motor neuron whereas polysynaptic contains multiple synapses and more than 2 neurons.

54
Q

Outline the patella knee jerk reflex

A

Monosynaptic reflex (patella nerves are directly attached/connected to spinal chord) and the hamstrings lengthen / quads contract

55
Q

Outline withdrawal reflex

A

-sensory stimulus detected by sensory receptors
-sensory neurons carry information via sensory neurons (afferent pathway) to spinal chord
-interneurons in spinal chord initiate an involuntary movement
-relayed to motor neurons that carry the motor command down the (efferent pathway) to the muscle
-muscle (somatic NS) carries out reflex without brain input

56
Q

Purpose of reflexes

A

largely protective- aid survival
-allow one to adapt to changing environments
-rapid response to hazard eg hot pan

57
Q

What are primitive reflexes

A

reflex actions originating in CNS
-normal in infants and abnormal in adults (these reflexes usually suppress with frontal lobe development)

58
Q

Examples of. primitive reflexes

A

moro (startle)
grasp
suck
babinski

59
Q

Name 4 adult reflexes

A

Jaw jerk
ankle jerk
corneal reflex
distal finger flexors

60
Q

Wha are upper motor neuron lesions

A

lesions anywhere from Cortex to descending tracts

61
Q

Identify 6 common neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine
dopamine
endorphin
GABA
epinephrine
serotonin
glutamate

62
Q

other name for epinephrine

A

adrenaline

63
Q

Function of acetylcholine

A

-muscle contraction
-heartbeat
-memory
-excitatory neurotransmitter

64
Q

Function of dopamine

A

-memory/learning
-behaviour
-movement coordination

65
Q

function of endorphin

A

-pain signals
-euphoric feelings

66
Q

Function of epinephrine

A

-hormone and neurotransmitter
-fight or flight

67
Q

function of GABA

A

-mood regulation
-inhibitory neurotransmitter

68
Q

function of serotonin

A

-mood,apetite and sleep

69
Q

Briefly describe Myasthenia gravis

A

-autoimmune disease in which antibodies produced block Ach receptors on the post synaptic neurone and messages are unable to pass to the muscle effector and initiate muscle contraction

70
Q

Where does myasthenia gravis occur

A

the neuromuscular joint

71
Q

symptoms of myasthenia gravis

A

-diplopia, ptosis, dysphasia and difficulty walking

72
Q

Distinguish between white and grey matter

A

white matter is found deeper in the brain whereas grey matter is more superficial

white matter are generally made of bundles of axons whereas grey matter is comprised of cell bodies, axon terminals and dendrites

73
Q

List three ways brain is protected

A

Cranium/skull
meninges
CSF

74
Q

What is the meninges

A

membrane that surrounds the brain and contains 3 layers

75
Q

Outline 3 layers of meninges

A

-Dura mater= outermost layer/2 layers of dense tissue (inner surface of skull and outer surface of brain)

-Arachnoid mater=fibrous tissue in between dura and Pia mater/seperates the dura mater and subdural space

-Pia mater= fragile layer of connective tissue with many minute blood vessels/completely covers brain and spinal chord

76
Q

Where is Cerebrospinal fluid

A

-surrounds brain and spinal chord
-fills ventricles of brain

77
Q

What is Cerebrospinal fluid

A

-clear colourless fluid
-made of water, salts, minerals, protein, leukocytes, urea…

78
Q

Function of Cerebrospinal fluid

A

-provides cushioning for brain and signal chord to protect/ decreases friction in the cranial cavity
-maintains pressure
-circulates nutrients and chemicals from blood
-removes wastes from brain

79
Q

Overall 3 sections of brain

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem

80
Q

what connects two hemispheres of cerebrum

A

corpus callosum

81
Q

describe structure of cerebrum

A

-4 lobes
-2 hemispheres
-cerebral fissure divides cerebrum
-superficial is made of grey matter and deep layers are made of white matter

82
Q

Identify 5 functions of cerebrum

A

Initiate / coordinate movement
learning
touch
problem solving
emotions

83
Q

Identify 4 lobes of brain

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

84
Q

Location of frontal lobe

A

most anterior lobe

85
Q

5 functions of frontal lobe

A

executive functions
language- Broca
Voluntary skeletal movements
personality
memory

86
Q

Location of parietal lobe

A

-between frontal and occipital lobes
-superior to temporal lobe

87
Q

4 Functions of parietal lobe

A

-receive and process sensory informant from the SKIN
-perception (spatial awareness)
-arithmetic
-spelling

88
Q

Describe motor cortex

A

in frontal lobe and coordinates motor output

89
Q

Describe somatosensory cortex

A

in parietal lobe and receives sensory output from SKIN

90
Q

Location of temporal lobe

A

-side of head/near ears and temples

91
Q

4 functions of temporal lobe

A

-memory consolidation
-language
-hearing
-understanding

92
Q

Location of occipital lobe

A

posterior in skull

93
Q

Function of occipital lobe

A

-process visual information regering shape, perspective and colour

94
Q

Where is diencephalon

A

-posterior part of forebrain
-above brainstem between cerebral hemispheres

95
Q

Function and structure of diencephalon

A

-relays and processes sensory information for autonomic control
-epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, ventral thalamus

96
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A

MAINTAINS HOMEOSTASIS
-satiety and appetite
-water and thirst balance
-sleep wake cycles

97
Q

Function of thalamus

A

-sleep, wakefulness and alertness
-relay motor and sensory signals to cerebral cortex

98
Q

Limbic system structures

A

-hypothalamus
-amygdala
-thalamus
-hippocampus

99
Q

Functions of limbic system

A

memory and emotions

100
Q

Cerebellum functions

A

-voluntary muscle movement
-balace
-posture
-equilibrium
-eye movement

101
Q

Functions of brain stem

A

-conducts all signals from spinal chord to brain and vice versa
-regulates reflex centres for vital functions
-contains nuclei of cranial nerves
-other autonomic functions

102
Q

location of cerebellum

A

back of brain behind pons and posterior to cerebrum

103
Q

Midbrain function

A

reflexes re: hearing and vision

104
Q

Pons function

A

relay station for cranial nerves

105
Q

Medulla function

A

controls autonomic reflexes eg swallow, breath, sneeze

106
Q

how many cranial nerves

A

12 pairs

107
Q

what are cranial nerves

A

nerves part of PNS that connect your brain to different parts of head, neck and trunk

108
Q

Functions of cranial nerves (5)

A

smell
sight
hearing
balance
sensation in face

109
Q

Ischaemic stroke

A

blood vessels suppling blood to brain become blocked due to blood clot (thrombocyte) that has migrated from elsewhere in body

110
Q

Heamorrhagic stroke

A

blood vessel supplying blood to brain lyses/bursts due to high BP and causes internal bleeding in brain

111
Q

Describe spinal chord

A

-long thin tubular structure of nervous tissue
-from medulla to lumbar region

112
Q

Function of spinal chord

A

carries sensory and motor information from body to brain and vice versa
reflex arcs
protection

113
Q

What are spinal nerves

A

-emerge from spinal chord between vertebrae
-run from spinal chord to specific body area
-31 pairs

114
Q

Two roots of spinal nerves

A

-The front (motor/anterior root) of spinal chord
-the back (sensory/posterior root) of spinal chord

3/4 VET HEALTH (22 decks)

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