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3/4 VET HEALTH > 4.Respiratory system > Flashcards

4.Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

How does cilia work

A

hair like projections (cilia) lines the respiratory tract and traps then moves inhaled foreign particles up and out of the respiratory tract by exhalation as part of the mucocilliary escalator

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2
Q

Function of the respiratory system

A

provides gas exchange between the blood and external environment, for example oxygen is absorbed form the atmosphere (inhalation) and carbon dioxide is expelled from the body (exhalation)

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3
Q

How is the respiratory tract divided

A

split into the upper and lower respiratory tract

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4
Q

List components of upper respiratory tract

A

nose(nostrils), nasal cavity, mouth, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx

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5
Q

List components of lower respiratory tract

A

trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli and diaphragm

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6
Q

Describe the structure of the nose

A

-large irregular cavity
-divided into two equal parts by septum
-is a mucous membrane
-contains sinuses

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7
Q

Function of nose/nasal cavity

A

Main route of entry for air and hence warms, moistens, and filters air entering the respiratory system

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8
Q

What is the common name for pharynx

A

throat

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9
Q

Describe the structure of the pharynx

A

-12 to 14 cm tube
-consists of mucous membrane, submucosa and smooth muscle tissues
-3 parts

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10
Q

Function of pharynx

A

-provide passageway for food, air
-warm, moistens and protects from infection
-assist with speech and is involved with hearing

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11
Q

Outline 3 parts of pharynx

A

nasopharynx -superior
oropharynx -middle
laryngeal pharynx -inferior

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12
Q

Describe location of pharynx in relation to larynx

A

Pharynx is posterior to larynx

*superior also but (only the nasopharynx and oropharnyx)

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13
Q

Structure of larynx

A

VOICE BOX between the pharynx and trachea
-flexible
-thyroid, cricoid and arytenoid cartilage

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14
Q

Function of larynx

A

1.Respiratory: To allow air to pass through to the trachea whilst stopping food (bolus) and liquid from entering the respiratory tract

2.Speech: Houses the vocal cords, which manipulate pitch and volume essential for speech

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15
Q

What is Pulmonary aspiration

A

A condition which food, liquids, saliva or vomit are breathed into the airways

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16
Q

How does the larynx prevent aspiration

A

1.Larynx lifts up to the level of the epiglottis
2.Epiglottis closes over the opening to the larynx
3.Food boluses pass into the oesophagus

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17
Q

What are the vocal cords

A

2 layer of smooth muscle in the larynx

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18
Q

How do vocal cords work

A

They vibrate as air passes through them (exhalation) to produce sound
-length and tension of cords controls pitch

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19
Q

Describe the location of larynx in relation to oesophagus

A

the larynx is anterior/ventral to the oesophagus

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20
Q

pathway of air in respiratory system

A

nose (nostrils) or mouth , pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli

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21
Q

Structure of Trachea

A

The windpipe that travels to the 5th thoracic vertebra then divides into L/R bronchi
-comprises 3 layers of tissue

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22
Q

Outline the three layers of trachea

A

Outermost-elastic and fibrous tissue which encloses cartilage
middle-cartilage with bands of smooth muscle
inner-columnar epithelium that is ciliated with mucous secreting cells present

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23
Q

Function of trachea

A

provide a pathway for air between larynx and bronchus

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24
Q

Structure of bronchi

A

large airways that branch of trachea

RIGHT BRONCHUS is shorter and wider than left bronchus

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25
Q

Function of bronchi

A

To provide a pathway for air between trachea and bronchioles

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26
Q

Structure of bronchioles

A

smaller branches of the bronchi that connect to alveoli

-3 bronchioles (3 lobes) on right side
-2 bronchioles (2 lobes) on left

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27
Q

Function of bronchioles

A

provides a pathway for air between bronchus and alveoli

28
Q

Structure of alveoli

A

-tiny balloon shaped air sacs at end of respiratory tract
-single cell thick and surrounded by capillary network

29
Q

Function of alveoli

A

To exchange O2 and CO2 molecules to and from the blood stream as part of pulmonary diffusion

30
Q

Why are alveoli single cell thick

A

increase efficiency of diffusion

31
Q

Why are alveoli surrounded by an extensive capillary network

A

increase capacity of diffusion

32
Q

what cavity and membrane are the lungs located

A

thoracic cavity and pleura (serous) membrane

33
Q

what cavity and membrane is the heart located in

A

Mediastinum cavity and pericardial membrane

34
Q

How many lobes on each lung

A

3 on R and 2 on L

35
Q

Structure of lungs

A

cone shaped, have an apex, base, tip and coastal and medial surface

36
Q

Function of lungs

A

provide gas exchange between blood and external environment

37
Q

Structure of pleura

A

Thin layer that covers lungs
Visceral and Parietal pleura membrane (PIC & VOO)

38
Q

What is visceral pleura

A

covers the lungs and each fissure/lobe

39
Q

What is parietal pleura

A

covers inner chest wall of thoracic surface of the diaphragm

40
Q

Function of pleura

A

Provides lubrication, reduces friction during the movement of lungs in breathing

41
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration equation

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water + 30-32 ATP

42
Q

How is gas exchange efficiency increased

A

thin walls–> reduce diffusion pathway
good blood supply–> maintains concentration gradient
Large SA:V
Moist surfaces–> gasses diffuse in solution

43
Q

oxygen concentration in lungs during inspiration

A

high

44
Q

CO2 concentration in lungs during inspiration

A

low

45
Q

oxygen concentration in body tissues during inspiration

A

low

46
Q

CO2 concentration in body tissues during inspiration

A

high

47
Q

what gas moves into tissues (inspiration)

A

Oxygen

48
Q

what gas moves into lugs (inspiration)

A

CO2

49
Q

what direction do gases move

A

from high to low concentration (down a concentration gradient)

50
Q

Features of inspiration in order

A

diaphragm contracts and flattens
intercostal muscles contract
ribcage moves up and out
lungs expand
air moves INTO lungs
LOW intrathoracic pressure (increased thoracic volume)

51
Q

Intrathoracic pressure is the same as

A

intrapulmonary pressure

52
Q

Features of expiration in order

A

Diaphragm relaxes (dome like)
intercostal muscles relax
rib cage moves down and in
lungs relax (tissue recoils)
air pushed OUT of lungs
HIGH intrathoracic pressure (decreased thoracic volume)

53
Q

shape of diaphragm in inspiration

A

flattens

54
Q

shape of diaphragm in expiration

A

dome like

55
Q

what controls CO2 levels in body

A

chemoreceptors

56
Q

How do chemoreceptors work

A

If increased CO2 levels, an increase in RR is triggered to blow off extra CO2
and vice versa

57
Q

Describe COPD

A

a number of lung diseases that prevent proper breathing
-limitation in airflow into and out of the body

58
Q

Examples of COPD

A

emphysema
chronic bronchitis
chronic asthma

59
Q

briefly describe chronic bronchitis

A

long term inflammation of airways and mucous hyper secretion

60
Q

list 5 symptoms of COPD

A

SOB
wheezing
chest tightness
chronic cough
sputum production (increase)
reduced exercise tolerance
frequent respiratory infections

61
Q

Whats sputum

A

saliva and mucous

62
Q

Briefly describe emphysema

A

-air becomes trapped in air sacs and bronchioles making breathing difficult
-decreased elasticity of lung tissue
-mucous accumulation

63
Q

list 4 risk factors of COPD

A

smoking
air pollution
chemical fumes
dusts

genetics

co morbidities eg asthma

64
Q

How to maintain a healthy respiratory system

A

stop smoking –> decreased damage to lung tissue (cancers) increased capacity for respiratory organs to function
regular exercise–> increased capacity of lungs to take in air and increased removal of mucous
Avoid areas of high pollution–> decreased risk of irritating lungs or aggravating other conditions
Wash hands-less likely that pathogens enter respiratory tract
Vitamin rich diet–> increased immunity to protect lungs
Rest and sleep–> time for growth and repair or maintenance of lungs

65
Q

Briefly describe asthma

A

-difficulty breathing due to spasm of the bronchial tubes or swelling of mucos membrane lining

66
Q

List two symptoms of asthma

A

SOB and wheezing

3/4 VET HEALTH (22 decks)

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