1.Cells and Intro Flashcards
Briefly describe anatomical position
standing upright, arms by side and palms facing forwards
what does prone mean
lying face down
what does supine mean
lying face up
what does superior mean
above
what does inferior mean
below
what does medial mean
middle-closer to midline
what does lateral mean
side- further from the midline
what does anterior mean
in front
what does posterior mean
behind
what does proximal mean
closer to origin of a part (often limb)
what does distal mean
further from origin of a part (often limb)
what does superficial mean
closer to the skin
what does deep mean
further from skin
what does internal mean
inside
what does external mean
outer
what does ventral mean
closer to ‘belly’ surface
what does dorsal mean
closer to ‘back’ surface
what does palmar mean
opposite surface to dorsum of hand
what does plantar mean
opposite surface to dorsum of foot
what does cranial mean
‘skull’, towards the head
what does occipital mean
closer to back
what does bilateral mean
paired structures on left and right side of the body
what does unilateral mean
unpaired structure on just one side of body
what does ipsilateral mean
structures on same side of body
what does contralateral mean
structures on opposite side of body
identify two main body cavities
ventral and dorsal
three sub categories for ventral cavity
thoracic, abdominal and abdominopelvic (pelvic)
two sub categories for dorsal cavity
spinal/vertebral and cranial
identify organs of thoracic cavity
heart and lungs
identify organs of abdominal cavity
-digestive organs
-spleen
-kidney
identify organs of pelvic cavity
bladder and reproductive organs
identify organ of vertebral / spinal cavity
spinal chord
identify organ of cranial cavity
brain
what membrane lines the thoracic cavity
pericardium and pleura
what membrane lines the abdominal cavity
peritoneum
what membrane lines the pelvic cavity
peritoneum
what membrane lines the cranial cavity
meninges
what membrane lines the vertebral cavity
meninges
identify 4 abdominal quadrants
RUQ RLQ LUQ LLQ
large organ in the RUQ is
liver
the spleen is in which abdominal quadrant
LUQ
Identify planes of division
frontal (coronal), sagittal (lateral),transverse (axial)
describe frontal plane
vertical plane that divides body into front & back portions
describe sagittal plane
vertical plane that divides body into left and right sides
describe transverse plane
horizontal plane that divides body into upper and lower portions (CROSS SECTION)
frontal /
coronal
sagittal /
lateral
transverse/
axial
describe flexion
bending limb or joint to decrease joint ange
identify characteristics to maintain life
maintain boundaries, reproduction, sensitivity , growth, respiration, excretion, nutrition
(MRS GREN)
Describe structure of water
H2O
separated into 3 compartments
-plasma, intracellular and intracellular fluid
Outline water functions
-Transport: blood and nutrients around the body
-Lubrication: joints and cavities
-Regulates body temperature via sweat
-Removes waste:urine & faeces
Structure of carbs
composed of C,H,O
eg glucose and glycogen
Outline carbohydrate functions
-Energy production:Glycolysis and respiration
-Energy storage:stored as glycogen
-Build macromolecules:DNA,RNA and fat store
-Sparing protein
Structure of lipids
(fats), group of substances that are hydrophobic
Functions of lipids
-insulate/thermoregualation
-protect organs
-secondary energy reserve
-lipid hormones eg glucagon
Structure of proteins
-made of amino acids (essential & non essential)
-DNA codes for proteins
Functions of proteins
-repair and maintenance of cells
-additional energy source
-protein hormones
-enzymes
-antibodies
what are enzymes
protein biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering Ea
example of positive feedback loop
childbirth (uterine contractions via oxytocin)
Outline negative feedback loop
stimulus, receptor, control centre, effector, negative feedback
aerobic cellular resp equation
glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water
Structure of RBC
LARGE SA
biconcave
no nucleus
carries Hb
Function of RBC
Carry oxygen around body
-no nucleus and biconcave shape allow for oxygen to be carried
Structure of sperm
long tail and big head
Function of sperm
fertilise an egg
-long tail aids swimming & big head allows it to bury into egg
Structure of ova
large and contain cytoplasm
Function of ova
join with sperm and provide food for zygote
-large means increase chance of finding sperm & cytoplasm allows for growth
identify two types of membranes
epithelial and connective
Identify type of epithelial membrane
cutaneous, serous and mucous
identify type of connective membranes
synovial
Structure of epithelial membrane
-covers or lines internal structures, cavities
-composed of epithelium attached to layer of skin
Function of epithelial membrane
-protect underlying tissues
-absorption
-secretion
-receive sensory info
Structure of cutaneous membrane
skin> epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue
Function of cutaneous membrane
-provide barriers between internal and external environment-PROTECT
Structure of mucous membrane
-one or more layers of epithelial cells overlaying a layer of connective tissue
Function of mucous membrane
-protects (dense barrier and traps foreign particles)
-Lubrication to allow movement of substances eg food
Give 3 examples of mucous membranes
digestive tract, urinary tract, respiratory tract
Structure of serous membrane
double layered sac
-parietal and visceral
Function of serous membrane
secrete lubricating fluid to reduce friction during muscle movements
Give 3 examples of serous membranes
pleural, peritoneum and pericardium
Describe parietal serous membrane
Sits on inside of cavity-furthest to the organ
Describe visceral serous membrane
sits on outside of organ-closest to organ
Where are synovial membranes
lines cavities of joints that move and surrounding tendons
Function of synovial membrane
Prevent friction from damaging the tissue by secreting synovial fluid, which acts to lubricate joins
example of synovial membrane
elbow and knee
identify and describe levels of organisation in body
cells-smallest unit of living things
tissues-large number of same type of cells
organs-made of at least 2 tissue types
body systems-work together to achieve common function
function of nucleolus
essential to formation of ribosomes, mostly RNA
define gaseous exchange
movement of molecules from high to lw concentration down a concentration gradient eg O2
define active transport
movement of larger molecules from low to high concentration against a concentration gradient
ACTIVE
define osmosis
movement of water molecules from high to low concentration down a concentration gradient
Identify types of body tissue
muscle , connective, nervous and epithelial
Describe muscle tissue
strands that contract and relax to allow for movement
Describe nervous tissue
transport sensory info from body to brain and motor commands from brain to body
Describe connective tissue
fibrous strands and a fluid component that holds organs in place and transports nutrients
Describe epithelial tissue
large sheets of continuous cells that protect internal organs and prevent pathogens entering body
Identify 3 types of muscle tissue
cardiac, skeletal, smooth
Describe cardiac muscle tissue
specialised to allow electrical signals to pass
INVOLUNTARY AND STRIATED
Describe skeletal muscle tissue
movement, stability and posture
VOLUNTARY AND STRIATED
Describe smooth muscle tissue
lines walls of internal organs
INVOLUNTARY AND NON STRIATED
examples of connective tissue
adipose tissues, fibrous (tendons and ligaments), blood
examples of nervous tissue
neuroglia and neurons
identify types of epithelial tissue
squamous , cuboidal and columnar
