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3/4 VET HEALTH > 4.Digestive system > Flashcards

4.Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

define digestion

A

the breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules by chemical and physical (mechanical) means

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2
Q

Features of mechanical digestion

A

-breakdown of food by (chewing, swallowing and muscular movements) into smaller pieces, increasing their SA without changing their chemical composition

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3
Q

Features of chemical digestion

A

-chemical decomposition of food via enzymes and acids (mouth, stomach and intestine)

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4
Q

eg of mechanical digestion

A

-chewing food/mastication -teeth
-muscular bags (smooth muscle in stomach) churns food

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5
Q

eg of chemical digestion

A

-HCL in stomach and salivary amylase in mouth (saliva)

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6
Q

overview of digestion

A

1.ingestion via mouth
2.mechanical an chemical breakdown of food
3.nutrient absorption in small intestine
4.elimination of waste via anus

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7
Q

identify pathway of food through gastrointestinal tract

A

mouth (teeth), pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus,

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8
Q

3 parts of small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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9
Q

parts of large intestine

A

caecum
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon and rectum

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10
Q

three salivary glands

A

sublingual gland (below tongue)
submandibular gland (below mandible)
Parotid gland (below ears)

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11
Q

function of mouth

A

to mechanically (teeth) and chemically (saliva) breakdown food

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12
Q

function of oesophagus

A

transport food bolus from mouth to stomach via peristalsis

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13
Q

function of stomach

A

-to mechanically (churn food through muscle contractions) and chemically breakdown food (through HCl)
-create pepsin (break down protein)
-secrete mucus that lubricates the stomach walls

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14
Q

small intestine function

A

absorb nutrients into bloodstream

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15
Q

large intestine function

A

-absorb water and electrolytes converting liquid chyme into semi solid (stool)
-form and propel faeces
-chemically digest food molecules using gut microbes

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16
Q

rectum function

A

store (temporarily) faeces

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17
Q

anus function

A

transport / provide pathway for faeces out of body-defecate

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18
Q

salivary glands function

A

lubricate food- making it easier to pass through digestive system
chemically digest food (salivary amylase)
destroy ingested pathogens (non specific)

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19
Q

pancreas function

A

regulate BGL via hormones (use insulin via endocrine gland)
produced and release enzymes for digestion (in pancreatic juice)

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20
Q

liver function

A

secrete bile
metabolise fats, carbs and proteins
removes toxins

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21
Q

gall bladder function

A

store, concentrate and release bile

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22
Q

sphincter function

A

smooth muscle (circular) that closes off the stomach after a meal

23
Q

Identify the processes of digestion

A

Ingestion, propulsion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and elimination

24
Q

Define ingestion

A

intake of substances, passing of food or liquid from mouth into alimentary tract

25
Q

Define propulsion

A

movement of foo/liquid along GI tract

26
Q

Structure of stomach

A

Muscular bag on the left side of the abdominal region and posterior to liver
-C shaped (4 regions)

27
Q

Identify 4 regions of stomach

A

cardia
Fundus
Body
pylorus

28
Q

Define absorption

A

move digested food molecules across intestine wall into blood or lymph

29
Q

Structure of small intestine

A

-25 cm wide and 5 m long
-joins and becomes large intestine

30
Q

Features of the small intestine to aid function

A

-single wall of columnar epithelial cells, short diffusion pathway, increased rate of diffusion
-finger like projections (villi and microvilli), increaseSA of small intestine for absorption, increase rate of diffusion
-each villus has large capillary network and lacteal, increase SA, increase rate of diffusion
-mucous membrane, moist, protect intestine and provide lubrication (dissolve in solution)

31
Q

Structure of duodenum

A

1st part of small intestine, 25 to 30 cm long

32
Q

Function of duodenum

A

-final stage of digestion occurs here
-secretin produced here to respond top acidic chyme (maintains pH)

33
Q

Structure of jejunum

A

2 m long, lined by villi and microvilli, middle section of small intestine

34
Q

Function of jejunum

A

absorb nutrients (90% of absorption)

35
Q

Structure of ileum

A

end section, 3 m long

36
Q

Function of ileum

A

absorb nutrients into blood

37
Q

define assimilation

A

movement of digested food molecules from bloodstream into cells

38
Q

Structure of pancreas

A

located in abdominal region, posterior to stomach, connected to duodenum by pancreatic duct

39
Q

Pepsin

A

made in stomach and breaks down proteins

40
Q

Secretin

A

made in duodenum and responds to acidic chyme

41
Q

amylase

A

made in pancreas and salivary glands and breaks down fats/lipids

42
Q

lipase

A

made in pancreas and breaks down fats/lipids

43
Q

trypsin

A

made in pancreas and breaks down proteins

44
Q

What is bile

A

water, mucous, mineral salts, bile pigments, bilirubin, bile slats and cholesterol

45
Q

function of bile

A

digest insoluble fats
metabolise and absorb vitamins (KDEA)
excrete bilirubin

46
Q

Define excretion

A

excretion of undigested food substance through anus after processing in blood

47
Q

Structure of large intestine

A

1.5 cm long, in-between small intestine and anus

48
Q

How are faeces formed

A
  1. Undigested food (chyme) enters colon from intestine
  2. H2O, salts and vitamins are reabsorbed
  3. Dehydration and compaction of undigested matter
  4. Semi solid faeces forms / stool
49
Q

What is faeces made of

A

60-70% water, fibre, dead and alive microbes, epithelial cells, fatty acid, mucous

50
Q

Rectum structure

A

starts at sigmoid colon and ends at anal canal, 13 cm long

51
Q

Structure of anus

A

-At end of digestive system (external opening)
-contains inner and external sphincter

52
Q

Inner sphincter

A

is smooth muscle and involuntary

53
Q

External sphincter

A

is skeletal muscle and voluntary

3/4 VET HEALTH (22 decks)

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