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3/4 VET HEALTH > 2.Musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

2.Musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

Overall function of musculoskeletal system

A

provide form (coordination), support, stability and movement

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2
Q

Identify types of bone tissue

A

compact and cancellous

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3
Q

Identify functions of bones

A

Protection, movement, boundary, RBC formation, store minerals

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4
Q

Identify types of bone

A

long, short, irregular, flat and sesamoid

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5
Q

Describe compact bone

A

Hard outer layer that is dense, strong and durable
~80%

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6
Q

Describe cancellous bone

A

Network of trabecular rodlike structures
-lighter less dense and more flexible than compact backbone

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7
Q

compact=

A

cortical

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8
Q

cancellous =

A

trabecular , spongy

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9
Q

Function of osteoblasts

A

make new bone and repair old bone

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10
Q

Function of osteocytes

A

-connect osteocytes and osteoblasts
-allow for communication within bone tissue

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11
Q

Function of osteoclasts

A

break down bone

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12
Q

osteocyte structure

A

inactive osteoblasts, trapped in bone

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13
Q

osteoclasts structure

A

large cells with multiple nuclei

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14
Q

How do bones provide protection and support

A

-help maintain posture eg vertebra
-protects organs eg ribs protect lung,s and sternum the heart

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15
Q

How do bones allow movement

A

-bones act as attachment sites for tendons and muscles
-muscles contract, pulling on bone and generating movement

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16
Q

How do bones provide a boundary

A

boundary between thoracic, pelvic and cranial cavities

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17
Q

How do bones allow for haemopoiesis

A

RBC produced in the (red) bone marrow

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18
Q

How do bones allow ‘storage’

A

they store minerals such as Ca, P. Na, K

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19
Q

Outline functions of Ca, P, Na,K

A

Ca=integrity of bones and BP
P=bones & teeth + acid balance
Na=muscle contraction + fluid balance
K=muscle contraction + nerve transmission

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20
Q

What is the diaphysis

A

compact bone, central medullary canal and fatty yellow bone marrow

shaft of bone

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21
Q

Structure of periosteum

A

complex vascular 2 layer membrane (fibrous outer)

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22
Q

Structure of epiphysis

A

outer compact bone, inner cancellous (spongy) bone

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23
Q

What are short bones

A

roughly cubicle , same width and length

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24
Q

Give an example of short bone

A

carpals

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25
Q

What are irregular bones

A

no regular shapes or characteristics

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26
Q

example of irregular bones

A

vertebra & some cranial bones

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27
Q

what are flat bones

A

provide flat areas for muscle attachment & usually protect organs

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28
Q

example of flat bone

A

sternum, ribs and some skull bones

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29
Q

What are sesamoid bones

A

small bones developed in tendons

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30
Q

example of sesamoid bone

A

patella

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31
Q

Identify structure of spine

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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32
Q

identify number of bones in each section of spine

A

C7,T12,L5 [5,4 (9)]

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33
Q

Identify 3 types of joints

A

fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

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34
Q

Structure of fibrous joint

A

tough connective tissue

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35
Q

Function of fibrous joint

A

join bones with little to no movement

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36
Q

example of fibrous joint

A

skull, sacral & coccygeal

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37
Q

Structure of cartilaginous joints

A

connected entirely by cartilage

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38
Q

Function of cartilaginous joints

A

absorb shock between joints

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39
Q

example of cartilaginous joint

A

vertebra and pubic symphysis

40
Q

Structure of synovial joints

A

space with a capsule between two articulating bones

41
Q

Function of synovial joints

A

allow for movement eg flexion and extension

42
Q

Identify types of synovial joint

A

ball and socket, hinge, pivot, saddle & gliding

43
Q

Structure of ligament

A

band of strong fibrous tissue

44
Q

describe ligament

A

connect bone to bone

45
Q

Structure of synovial fluid

A

opaque/slippery ‘egg white’ fluid in joint cavity

46
Q

function of synovial fluid

A

reduce friction between articular cartilage in joint

47
Q

Structure of articular cartilage

A

glassy, smooth cartilage that is spongy and covers ends of bones in joints

48
Q

Function of articular cartilage

A

absorb shock and prevent friction between ends of bones in joints

49
Q

Structure of joint capsule

A

tough fibrous tissue that has two layers, fibrous capsule lying outside synovial membrane

50
Q

Function of joint capsule

A

fibrous capsule strengthens joint and synovial membrane lines + secretes synovial fluid

51
Q

Structure of bursa

A

flattened fibrous sac containing thin film of synovial fluid

52
Q

function of bursa

A

prevent friction at sites where muscles, tendons and bones might rub together

53
Q

Structure of meniscus

A

wedge of white fibrocartilage

54
Q

function of meniscus

A

make joints more stable and reduce wear and tear on joint surfaces

55
Q

Structure of pad of fat

56
Q

function of pad of fat

A

provide cushioning between fibrous capsule and a bone or muscle

57
Q

identify types of synovial joints

A

hinge, ball & socket, pivot, plane, saddle and condyloid

58
Q

Hinge joint allows for

A

extension and flexion

59
Q

Ball and socket joint allows for

A

flexion , extension and circumduction, adduction , abduction

60
Q

pivot joint allows for

A

rotation only

61
Q

saddle joint allows for

A

flexion , extension and circumduction, adduction , abduction

62
Q

condyloid joint allows for

A

flexion , extension and circumduction, adduction , abduction

63
Q

hinge joint example

A

knee, elbow

64
Q

gliding joint allows for

A

sliding only

65
Q

ball &socket joint example

A

hip, shoulder

66
Q

pivot joint example

A

atlas and axis

67
Q

plane joint example

68
Q

plane =

69
Q

saddle joint example

70
Q

condyloid joint example

71
Q

identify 3 types of connective tissue

A

cartilage, tendons and ligament

72
Q

Structure of cartilage

A

specialised connective tissue that is avascular

73
Q

Function of cartilage

A

shock absorption, joint lubrication and reduced friction

74
Q

Example of cartilage

A

ears, nose, ribs, intervertebral discs

75
Q

Identify 3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline , fibrous and elastic

76
Q

Briefly outline types of cartilage

A

hyaline-all long bones
fibrous-strong
elastic-flexible (pinna)

77
Q

Injury to ligaments

78
Q

injury to tendon

79
Q

structure of ligaments

A

connect bone to bone
-string fibrous band of connective tissue

80
Q

function of ligament

A

control moment and stabilise joints

81
Q

Structure of fascicle

A

band of smooth muscle fibres

82
Q

state types of skeletal muscle arrangement

A

bipennate, unipennate, multipennate, fusiform

83
Q

Structure of tendons

A

connect muscle to bone, soft connective tissue

84
Q

function of tendons

A

transfer force between muscle and bone to create movement

85
Q

What is a muscle fibre

A

single muscle cell

86
Q

Structure of sarcolema

A

plasma membrane of muscle cells

87
Q

Structure of sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle cell

88
Q

Structure of sarcomere

A

longitudinal repeating unit of muscle cell

89
Q

Function of sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

specialised smooth ER that stores, receives and releases Ca++

90
Q

Outline siding filament theory

A

1.action potential arrives at neuromuscular joint
2. ach released
3.Na channel open
4.Ca++ release
5.myosin binds to actin
6.actin, myosin slide over each other
7.muscle fiber contracts
8.force through tendon
9.tendon pull on bone –> movement

91
Q

Identify 3 types of muscle contraction

A

isometric, cocentric and eccentric

92
Q

isometric muscle contraction is

A

muscle length does not change

93
Q

cocentric muscle contraction is

A

muscle shortens

94
Q

eccentric muscle contraction is

A

muscle lengthens

95
Q

Active vs passive movements

A

active=effort exerted by individual + muscle mass increase
passive=no effort by individual + increase ROM

3/4 VET HEALTH (22 decks)

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