2.Musculoskeletal system Flashcards by Tim Mani

Overall function of musculoskeletal system

provide form (coordination), support, stability and movement

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Identify types of bone tissue

compact and cancellous

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Identify functions of bones

Protection, movement, boundary, RBC formation, store minerals

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Identify types of bone

long, short, irregular, flat and sesamoid

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Describe compact bone

Hard outer layer that is dense, strong and durable
~80%

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Describe cancellous bone

Network of trabecular rodlike structures
-lighter less dense and more flexible than compact backbone

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compact=

cortical

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cancellous =

trabecular , spongy

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Function of osteoblasts

make new bone and repair old bone

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Function of osteocytes

-connect osteocytes and osteoblasts
-allow for communication within bone tissue

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Function of osteoclasts

break down bone

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osteocyte structure

inactive osteoblasts, trapped in bone

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osteoclasts structure

large cells with multiple nuclei

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How do bones provide protection and support

-help maintain posture eg vertebra
-protects organs eg ribs protect lung,s and sternum the heart

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How do bones allow movement

-bones act as attachment sites for tendons and muscles
-muscles contract, pulling on bone and generating movement

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How do bones provide a boundary

boundary between thoracic, pelvic and cranial cavities

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How do bones allow for haemopoiesis

RBC produced in the (red) bone marrow

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How do bones allow ‘storage’

they store minerals such as Ca, P. Na, K

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Outline functions of Ca, P, Na,K

Ca=integrity of bones and BP
P=bones & teeth + acid balance
Na=muscle contraction + fluid balance
K=muscle contraction + nerve transmission

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What is the diaphysis

compact bone, central medullary canal and fatty yellow bone marrow

shaft of bone

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Structure of periosteum

complex vascular 2 layer membrane (fibrous outer)

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Structure of epiphysis

outer compact bone, inner cancellous (spongy) bone

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What are short bones

roughly cubicle , same width and length

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Give an example of short bone

carpals

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What are irregular bones

no regular shapes or characteristics

example of irregular bones

vertebra & some cranial bones

what are flat bones

provide flat areas for muscle attachment & usually protect organs

example of flat bone

sternum, ribs and some skull bones

What are sesamoid bones

small bones developed in tendons

example of sesamoid bone

patella

Identify structure of spine

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

identify number of bones in each section of spine

C7,T12,L5 [5,4 (9)]

Identify 3 types of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

Structure of fibrous joint

tough connective tissue

Function of fibrous joint

join bones with little to no movement

example of fibrous joint

skull, sacral & coccygeal

Structure of cartilaginous joints

connected entirely by cartilage

Function of cartilaginous joints

absorb shock between joints

example of cartilaginous joint

vertebra and pubic symphysis

Structure of synovial joints

space with a capsule between two articulating bones

Function of synovial joints

allow for movement eg flexion and extension

Identify types of synovial joint

ball and socket, hinge, pivot, saddle & gliding

Structure of ligament

band of strong fibrous tissue

describe ligament

connect bone to bone

Structure of synovial fluid

opaque/slippery 'egg white' fluid in joint cavity

function of synovial fluid

reduce friction between articular cartilage in joint

Structure of articular cartilage

glassy, smooth cartilage that is spongy and covers ends of bones in joints

Function of articular cartilage

absorb shock and prevent friction between ends of bones in joints

Structure of joint capsule

tough fibrous tissue that has two layers, fibrous capsule lying outside synovial membrane

Function of joint capsule

fibrous capsule strengthens joint and synovial membrane lines + secretes synovial fluid

Structure of bursa

flattened fibrous sac containing thin film of synovial fluid

function of bursa

prevent friction at sites where muscles, tendons and bones might rub together

Structure of meniscus

wedge of white fibrocartilage

function of meniscus

make joints more stable and reduce wear and tear on joint surfaces

Structure of pad of fat

fatty pad

function of pad of fat

provide cushioning between fibrous capsule and a bone or muscle

identify types of synovial joints

hinge, ball & socket, pivot, plane, saddle and condyloid

Hinge joint allows for

extension and flexion

Ball and socket joint allows for

flexion , extension and circumduction, adduction , abduction

pivot joint allows for

rotation only

saddle joint allows for

flexion , extension and circumduction, adduction , abduction

condyloid joint allows for

flexion , extension and circumduction, adduction , abduction

hinge joint example

knee, elbow

gliding joint allows for

sliding only

ball &socket joint example

hip, shoulder

pivot joint example

atlas and axis

plane joint example

carpals

plane =

gliding

saddle joint example

thumb

condyloid joint example

wrist

identify 3 types of connective tissue

cartilage, tendons and ligament

Structure of cartilage

specialised connective tissue that is avascular

Function of cartilage

shock absorption, joint lubrication and reduced friction

Example of cartilage

ears, nose, ribs, intervertebral discs

Identify 3 types of cartilage

hyaline , fibrous and elastic

Briefly outline types of cartilage

hyaline-all long bones fibrous-strong elastic-flexible (pinna)

Injury to ligaments

sprain

injury to tendon

strain

structure of ligaments

connect bone to bone -string fibrous band of connective tissue

function of ligament

control moment and stabilise joints

Structure of fascicle

band of smooth muscle fibres

state types of skeletal muscle arrangement

bipennate, unipennate, multipennate, fusiform

Structure of tendons

connect muscle to bone, soft connective tissue

function of tendons

transfer force between muscle and bone to create movement

What is a muscle fibre

single muscle cell

Structure of sarcolema

plasma membrane of muscle cells

Structure of sarcoplasm

cytoplasm of muscle cell

Structure of sarcomere

longitudinal repeating unit of muscle cell

Function of sarcoplasmic reticulum

specialised smooth ER that stores, receives and releases Ca++

Outline siding filament theory

1.action potential arrives at neuromuscular joint 2. ach released 3.Na channel open 4.Ca++ release 5.myosin binds to actin 6.actin, myosin slide over each other 7.muscle fiber contracts 8.force through tendon 9.tendon pull on bone --> movement

Identify 3 types of muscle contraction

isometric, cocentric and eccentric

isometric muscle contraction is

muscle length does not change

cocentric muscle contraction is

muscle shortens

eccentric muscle contraction is

muscle lengthens

Active vs passive movements

active=effort exerted by individual + muscle mass increase passive=no effort by individual + increase ROM