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3/4 VET HEALTH > 4.Urinary system > Flashcards

4.Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

Function of urinary system

A

-filter out cellular wastes from blood and excrete urine
-stimulate RBC production
-regulate pH
-produce vitamin D

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2
Q

Structure of ureter

A

-two tubes from each kidney
-3 layers

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3
Q

Outline 3 layers of ureter

A

fibrous outer, smooth muscle middle and inner mucous membrane

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4
Q

function of ureter

A

tubes that transport urine from kidney to bladder via peristalsis

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5
Q

Structure of urinary bladder

A

-distensible muscular bag
-outer layer of of loose connective tissue, containing blood and lymph vessels
-middle layer of interlacing smooth muscle and elastic tissue called the detrusor muscle, contracts to empty the bladder
-inner mucosa of transitional epithelium which allows the bladder to expand when required

-posterior to pubic symphysis

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6
Q

Function of urinary bladder

A

to sore of urine before ‘voiding’

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7
Q

Structure of the urethra

A

-muscular tube/canal that extends from the bladder to the exterior
-surrounded by internal and external urethral sphincter

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8
Q

Compare and contrast female and male urethras

A

-males are approx. 20 cm long whereas females are 3-4 cm long
-In males it runs with the prostate gland
-in males it conducts both semen and urine compared to only urine in females

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9
Q

Function of the urethra

A

To transport urine from the bladder to outside of body (excretion)

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10
Q

Structure of the kidneys

A

Two bean shaped organs, each about the size of a fist

-found posteriorly on abdominal wall, either side of spine, inferior to diaphragm, outside peritoneum, right sits lower

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11
Q

Function of kidney

A

To remove wastes and extra fluid from the body via urine (regulates blood volume)
-pH regulation
-Electrolyte and fluid balance
-secrete erythropoietin that stimulates RBC production
-Produce renin (regulate BP)
-Metabolise Vitamin D to its active form

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12
Q

Function of cortex (kidney)

A

protects the inner pars of the kidney

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13
Q

Function of renal pelvis (kidney)

A

storage of urine before it is transported to urinary bladder

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14
Q

Function of medulla (kidney)

A

concentrates urine

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15
Q

Function of renal artery and renal vein

A

Renal artery transports blood from the heart to kidneys for filtration whereas the renal vein transports blood from kidneys to heart

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16
Q

Define nephron

A

minute or microscopic structural and functional unit of kidney

17
Q

Structure of Bowmans (Glomerular capsule)

A

membranous, double walled capsule that surrounds glomerulus

18
Q

Function of Bowmans (Glomerular capsule)

A

Receives filtrate of the glomerulus, does not receive blood cells and platelets

19
Q

Structure of glomerulus

A

directly encloses the tiny arterial capillary network of the glomerulus

20
Q

Function of glomerulus

A

filters the blood plasma, blood cells and platelets

21
Q

Function of proximal convoluted tubule

A

reabsorption of ions, glucose, water and amino acids

22
Q

Function of loop of Henle (medullary loop)

A

descending = reabsorption of water
ascending = reabsorption of salts

23
Q

Function of distal convoluted tubule

A

selective/tubular secretion of ions ( H+ and HCO3-)

24
Q

Identify steps of urine formation

A

1.GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
2.TUBULAR RE ABSORPTION
3.TUBULAR SECRETION

25
Q

Describe glomerular filtration

A

Occurs in glomerulus
-passive and non selective process driven by pressure
-high pressure in the glomerulus pushes small molecules through the semi permeable capillary walls and walls of the Bowmans capsule into renal tube
-now the filtrate is formed

26
Q

What molecules pass through capillary walls in glomerular filtration

A

water, electrolytes, amino acids, glucose and urea

27
Q

Describe tubular/selective reabsorption

A

occurs in proximal convoluted tubule
-reabsorption of substances from filtrate into CV system based on needs
-can be down or against concentration gradient (active or passive)

28
Q

Describe tubular secretion

A

occurs in distal convoluted tubule
-drugs/meds secreted into tubules,
-ions secrete to regulate pH
-urine formed
-substances not already in filtrate are disposed of
-eliminate unwanted substances by passive means eg urea or uric acid
-remove excess K+

29
Q

what substances get reabsorbed in tubular reabsorption

A

water, glucose, amino acids, salts

30
Q

What are the characteristics of urine

A

-clear or straw colour due to bile pigments
-pH 4.5 to 8
-96% water, 2% urea, 2% uric acid, creatinine, sodium and potassium, 2% phosphates, chloride, sulphates, and oxalates

31
Q

Define osmoregulation

A

process of maintaining a stable water and salt content in the blood

32
Q

Function of osmoreceptors

A

specialised receptors in the hypothalamus which detect water levels in the blood

33
Q

Outline thirst response

A

insufficient water in body , detected by osmoreceptors of hypothalamus, thirst centre in hypothalamus stimulated, increased thirst, increase water consumption

34
Q

Outline ADH response (dehydration)

A

increased ADH secreted by pituitary gland (brain), increased permeability of collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules, increased reabsorption of water, less in urine (more concentrated urine)

WATER levels are closer to WNL and homeoastsis is maintained

35
Q

Outline Aldosterone response (dehydration)

A

Kidneys identify low blood volume, kidneys secrete renin, renin converts angiotensin into angiotensin 2, aldosterone secreted by adrenal gland , acts on distal convoluted tubules, increased reabsorption of sodium ions (water follows) so urine is more concentrated (less H2O)

WATER levels are closer to WNL and homeostasis maintained/Increased blood volume and BP

36
Q

Outline ANP response (high BP)

A

-secreted by atria of heart due to increased BP
-acts on ditsal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts
-decreased reabsorption of salts and H2O (less H2O follows)
-more water goes to urine (less concentrated)
-decreases BP closer to WNL

37
Q

How does body respond to increased BGL

A

insulin secreting cells of pancreas detect the increased BGL, they release insulin this means that excess glucose is stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells (most body cells take up glucose), decreasing BGL to WNL

38
Q

How does the body respond to decreased BGL

A

glucagon secreting cells of the pancreas detect a decrease in BGL, they release glucagon that converts glycogen stores into glucose in the liver and muscle cells, increasing BGL to WNL

3/4 VET HEALTH (22 decks)

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