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3/4 VET HEALTH > 3. Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

3. Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What is systemic circulation

A

Carries oxygenated blood blood from the heart, TO the body tissues and organs

Carries deoxygenated blood and wastes from the tissues, TO the heart

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2
Q

What is Pulmonary circulation

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart TO the lungs

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs, TO the heart

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3
Q

Structure of arteries

A

-thick muscular walls (made of smooth muscles)
-small lumen

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4
Q

Function of arteries

A

-carry blood at high pressure
-rapid blood flow
-carry blood away from the heart

(most carry OXYGENATED blood expect for the pulmonary artery)

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5
Q

Structure of arterioles

A

-branch off the arteries (small lumen)
-further from the heart

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6
Q

Function of arterioles

A

direct oxygenated blood from major artery into the capillary beds

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7
Q

Structure of capillaries

A

single layer of muscle smooth muscle cells

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8
Q

Function of capillaries

A

diffusion of nutrients and wastes from blood into tissue and vice versa

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9
Q

Structure of venules

A

capillaries converge into venues which converge into veins

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10
Q

Function of venules

A

direct oxygenated blood from a capillary into a vein

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11
Q

Structure of veins

A

-thin,floppy walled
-large lumen
-one way valves

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12
Q

Function of veins

A

-carry deoxygenated blood back to heart under low-pressure
-slow, even blood flow
-blood travels in one direction back to the heart

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13
Q

What is the pericardium + structure

A

outermost layer.
-A fibrous sac that encapsulates the heart

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14
Q

What is the myocardium + structure

A

middle layer.
-composed of cardiac muscle, involuntary muscle to transmits electrical stimuli

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15
Q

What is the endocardium

A

inner most layer.
-lines chambers and valves of the heart

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16
Q

Function of the aorta

A

transports oxygenated blood from left atrium to body tissues

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17
Q

Function of superior vena cava

A

transports deoxygenated blood from structures above the diaphragm to the right atrium

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18
Q

Function of inferior vena cava

A

transports deoxygenated blood from structures below the diaphragm to the right ventricle

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19
Q

Function of pulmonary artery

A

transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

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20
Q

Function of Pulmonary vein

A

transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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21
Q

Function of right atrium

A

collects deoxygenated blood via the vena cavas (from the body) and transports it to the right ventricle

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22
Q

Function of right ventricle

A

collects deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary vein (through the pulmonary valve)

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23
Q

Function of left atrium

A

collects oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein and transports it to the left ventricle

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24
Q

Function of left ventricle

A

collects oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body via the aorta (through the aortic valve)

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25
Q

What is the septum

A

muscular wall between the left and right side of the heart

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26
Q

Function of the septum

A

separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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27
Q

Where is the bicuspid valve

A

left side

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28
Q

Function of bicuspid valve

A

prevents regurgitation of blood from left ventricle into left atrium

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29
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve

A

right side

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30
Q

Function of tricuspid valve

A

prevents regurgitation of blood from right ventricle into right atrium

31
Q

What are semilunar valves

A

aortic and pulmonary valves

32
Q

What are atrioventricular valves

A

bicuspid and tricuspid valve

33
Q

What is the chordae tendinae

A

thin strong fibrous chords that connect leaflets of bicuspid and tricuspid valve to the papillary muscle

34
Q

Function of chordae tedinae

A

regulate opening/ closing valves

35
Q

Function of bicuspid valve

A

prevent back flow of blood from left ventricle to left atrium

36
Q

Function of tricuspid valve

A

prevent back flow of blood from right ventricle to right atrium

37
Q

Function of coronary arteries

A

supply blood and nutrients to the heart

38
Q

Describe a myocardial infarction

A

-reduced blood flow in coronary arteries
-Atherosclerosis
-Occlusion (embolus/ thrombus)

39
Q

Order of structures in cardiac conduction system

A

SA node, Av node, bundle of HIS, bundle branches, Purkinje fibres

40
Q

Function of SA node

A

spontaneously generate electrical impulses (depolarisation)
-triggers atrial contraction

41
Q

What is the SA node

A

collection of specialised pacemaker cells

42
Q

Where is the SA node

A

upper wall of right atrium/junction of where superior vena can enters

43
Q

What is the AV node

A

collection of specialised pacemaker cells

44
Q

Where is the AV node

A

inferior right atria
interatrial septum

45
Q

Function of AV node

A

conducts electrical impulses from atria and ventricles, controls heart rate

46
Q

What is the bundle of HIS

A

specialised conductive cells

47
Q

Where are the bundle of HIS

A

an elongated segment connecting AV node and left/right bundle branches of the septum

48
Q

Function of bundle of HIS

A

carry electrical signals from AV node to bundle branches

49
Q

What are the Purkinje fibres

A

specialised conductive cells

50
Q

Where are purkinje fibres

A

myocardium of ventricular walls

51
Q

Function of purkinje fibres

A

ventricular contraction

52
Q

Identify Steps in cardiac cycle

A

atrial diastole
atrial systole
ventricular systole
ventricular diastole

53
Q

What is atrial diastole

A

-all heart muscles in relaxation
-all heart valves are CLOSED
-blood returning to atria

54
Q

What is atrial systole

A

-Atria in contraction
-ONLY AV valves open
-blood to ventricles

55
Q

What is ventricular systole

A

-Ventricles in contraction
-ONLY semilunar valves are open
-blood passing to arteries

56
Q

What is ventricular diastole

A

-all heart muscles in relaxation
-all heart valves are closed
-blood returning to atria

57
Q

How to measure pulse (tool)

A

pulse oximeter or stethoscope

58
Q

What is blood pressure

A

force of pressure that blood exerts on artery walls during contraction and relaxation

59
Q

WNL of blood pressure

A

120/80

60
Q

What is systolic pressure

A

When left ventricle contracts it pumps blood into the aorta (120)

61
Q

What is diastolic pressure

A

heart is at rest following ejection of blood (80)

62
Q

How to measure BP (tool)

A

sphygmomanometer

63
Q

Where are baroreceptors

A

aorta and carotid arteries

64
Q

Steps in Baroreceptor reflex

A

(stimulus) increase or decrease in BP –> baroreceptors stimulated or inhibited –> message sent to vasomotor and cardioregulatory centres (in brain) –> triggers vasodilation (increased BP) or vasoconstriction (decreased BP) and changes in Q,HR and SV

65
Q

Outline the functions of the blood

A

Transport nutrients , oxygen
Maintain body temperature by vasodilation and vasoconstriction
Control pH
Remove toxins from the body
Regulation of fluids / electrolytes through blood plasma
Protection by WBC’s in the immune system
Prevent excessive bleeding by clotting

66
Q

Identify components of blood

A

Plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

67
Q

Whats Buffy coat

A

platelets and leukocytes (most potent regulating pH)

68
Q

Structure of erythrocytes

A

biconcave shape and no nucleus

69
Q

Function of erythrocytes

A

carry oxygen and transport it to tissues around the body

70
Q

Purpose of biconcave shape

A

increase SA:V, increase rate of diffusion of O2 in and out of cell
increases flexibility and hence oxygen can fit through small capillaries (be delivered very close to the cell)

71
Q

Purpose of no nucleus

A

increased space for haemoglobin and hence more oxygen can be carried

72
Q

Describe blood clot formation

A

-Vasoconstriction- (blood vessels spasm) to decrease blood flow/loss
-Platelet plug - platelets become activated and sticky, join together
-Coagulation- fibrinogen converted to fibrin (fibrin meshwork forms) and blood goes from liquid to gel (blood clot)

73
Q

mitral=

A

bicuspid

3/4 VET HEALTH (22 decks)

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