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Biology > 6.2 Patterns of Inheritance > Flashcards

6.2 Patterns of Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an allele?

A

A version of a gene

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2
Q

What is a heterozygous genotype?

A

A genotype where different alleles have been inherited

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3
Q

What is a homozygous genotype?

A

A genotype where the same alleles have been inherited

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4
Q

What is monogenic inheritance?

A

When the phenotype is determined by one gene

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5
Q

What are the two types of sources of variation amongst a species

A

Genetic and Environmental

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6
Q

What are mutagens?

A

Agents that increase the chances of gene mutations

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7
Q

What are the 5 types of chromosome mutation that can occur during meiosis

A
  • deletion
  • inversion
  • translocation
  • duplication
  • non disjunction
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8
Q

What happens during chromosome translocation?

A

Part of the chromosome breaks of and joins another chromosome

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9
Q

What happens during chromosome non disjunction?

A

Chromatids fail to separate so one gamete has an extra chromosome

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10
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

When the chromosome number is not a factor of the haploid number

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11
Q

What is polyploidy?

A

When a diploid gamete is fertilised by a haploid gamete so that the zygote will have 3 chromosomes when there should be 2.

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12
Q

What is dihybrid inheritance?

A

When the phenotype is determined by 2 genes

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13
Q

When would genes be said to have multiple alleles?

A

When there are 3 or more alleles at a specific gene loci

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14
Q

What is codominance?

A

When both alleles in a heterozygote are expressed in the phenotype

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15
Q

Give an example of a phenotype that is effected by both multiple alleles and codominance

A

Blood groups. This is because each blood group is determined by 3 alleles on a gene loci. If an allele for gene B is inherited from one parent and gene A from the other, then both genes will be expressed in blood group AB. This is codominance

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16
Q

How many autosome pairs are there in a nucleus?

A

22

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17
Q

How many sex chromosome pairs are there in a nucleus?

A

1

18
Q

Are autosomes fully homologous?

A

Yes

19
Q

What is the female sex chromosome pair?

A

XX

20
Q

What is the male sex chromosome pair?

A

XY

21
Q

Which sex chromosome pair is homologous?

A

Female

22
Q

Which sex chromosomes are heterogametic?

A

Male

23
Q

Which sex chromosomes are homogametic?

A

Female

24
Q

What are sex linked characteristics?

A

Characteristics inherited from the sex chromosome genotype

25
Q

Which chromosome do sex linked characteristics come from?

A

X chromosome

26
Q

Who are more likely to express sex linked characteristics?

A

Men

27
Q

In males, who is the Y chromosome always inherited from?

A

The father

28
Q

What happens in female cells during early development?

A

1 of the X chromosomes is randomly deactivated so that females don’t have 2x the genes expressed in sex chromosomes. The fact that there is an inactivated chromosome can also have specific effects on the phenotype.

29
Q

When are genes autosomaly linked?

A

When 2 or more genes are on the same autosome

30
Q

When genes are closer together on an autosome, how does it affect their linkage?

A

They are closer linked

31
Q

Why are genes that are autosomaly linked usually inherited together?

A

Because they will not be separated by independent assortment because they are on the same chromosome

32
Q

Can autosomaly linked genes be split by crossing over?

A

Yes

33
Q

What is produced when autosomaly linked genes are split

A

Recombinant gametes which will increase genetic information.

34
Q

What affects the likelihood of autosomaly linked genes being split by crossing over?

A

How close together they are

35
Q

What is epistasis?

A

The interaction of non linked genes where one can mask the expression of the other.

36
Q

Why does epistasis reduce genetic variation?

A

Because is reduces the number of phenotypes that are likely to be expressed.

37
Q

Which gene is the one being masked?

A

The hypostatic gene

38
Q

Which gene is the one doing the masking in epistasis?

A

The epistatic gene

39
Q

What are the 2 types of epistasis?

A

Recessive epistasis and Dominant epistasis

40
Q

What is recessive epistasis?

A

When the epistatic gene has to be homozygous recessive for epistasis to occur.

41
Q

What is dominant epistasis?

A

When the epistatic gene has to be heterozygous or homozygous dominant for epistasis to occur.

Biology (24 decks)

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