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Biology > 5.4 Hormonal Communication > Flashcards

5.4 Hormonal Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of hormones?

A

Peptide hormones and steroid hormones

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2
Q

Describe peptide hormones.

A

Small and charged amino acid based hormones. They are not lipid soluble so cant enter the cell but only bind to receptors on the cell membrane.

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3
Q

Give 3 examples of peptide hormones.

A
  • adrenaline
  • insulin
  • glucagon
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4
Q

Describe steroid hormones.

A

Lipid soluble hormones that can enter the cell directly.

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5
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

Endocrine and Exocrine

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6
Q

What is the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands?

A

Endocrine glands secrete the hormones directly into the blood but exocrine glands secrete the hormone into a duct that carries the hormone to a specific part of the body.

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7
Q

Why do peptide hormones need a secondary messenger?

A

The peptide hormone is the primary messenger, but as it cant enter the cell, it needs to activate a secondary messenger within the cell.

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8
Q

Describe the action of a peptide hormone acting on a cell.

A
  • hormone binds to the specific receptor on the cell membrane and activates the g-protein
  • g-protein activates enzyme adenyl cyclase
  • adenyl cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP
  • cyclic AMP is the secondary messenger
  • cAMP will then act on another protein or initiate a chain of enzyme controlled reactions
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9
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

A

One on top of each kidney

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10
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland produces peptide hormones and which produces steroid hormones?

A

The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones and the adrenal medulla secretes peptide hormones.

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11
Q

What hormones does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

Adrenaline and Noradrenaline

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12
Q

What is the role of adrenaline?

A

To prepare the body for activity such as increasing heart rate and dilating pupils.

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13
Q

What are the 3 areas of the adrenal cortex?

A
  • zona glomerulosa (outermost)
  • zona fasciculata (middle)
  • zona reticularis (inner)
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14
Q

Which area of the adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone to control absorption of ions in the kidneys therefore controlling blood pressure?

A

Zona glomerulosa

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15
Q

Which area of the adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids such as cortisol to control the metabolism in the liver in response to stress or low blood glucose levels?

A

Zona fasciculata

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16
Q

Which area of the adrenal cortex produces precursor molecules that are converted into sex hormones?

A

Zona reticularis

17
Q

Describe the action of steroid hormones on a cell.

A
  • steroid hormones pass through the cell membrane as they are lipid soluble
  • the steroid hormones then binds to a specific receptor within the cell
  • the hormone receptor complex enters the nucleus
  • it then binds to another specific receptor complex on the chromosomal material of the nucleus
  • this stimulates the production of mRNA which codes for protein synthesis
18
Q

What are the two roles of the pancreas?

A
  • to aid digestion by producing pancreatic juices (exocrine)

- to regulate blood sugar levels by secreting insulin and glucagon (endocrine)

19
Q

Why is the production of pancreatic juices exocrine?

A

Because they are secreted from the pancreatic duct to the small intestine

20
Q

What are pancreatic juices made of?

A
  • digestive enzymes (lipase, protease and amylase)
  • water (as a solvent)
  • sodium hydrogencarbonate (to neutralise the acidity in the stomach)
21
Q

What is an acinus?

A

A group of pancreas cells.

22
Q

What are many acini grouped together?

A

A lobule

23
Q

What is the endocrine tissue of the pancreas

A

Islets of langerhans

24
Q

What are the two types of cells in the islets of langerhans?

A

a-cells (on outside) and b-cells (on inside)

25
Q

Which cells in the islets of langerhans secrete insulin

A

Beta cells

26
Q

Which cells in the islets of langerhans secrete glucagon

A

Alpha cells

27
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels rise?

A
  • the change is detected by b-cells
  • b-cells secrete insulin into blood
  • insulin is detected by receptors on liver and muscle cells
  • the liver and muscle cells remove the glucose from the blood and convert it to glycogen (glycogenesis)
  • blood sugar levels fall
28
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels fall?

A
  • the change is detected by a-cells
  • a-cells secrete glucagon
  • glucagon detected by receptors on liver cells
  • liver cells convert glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis) and release glucose into blood
  • blood sugar levels rise
29
Q

What type of feedback is the control of blood glucose levels?

A

Negative Feedback

30
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

A condition where the body cant regulate blood glucose levels

31
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

The result of an autoimmune response where the immune system attacks b-cells so insulin cant be produced. AKA insulin dependent diabetes.

32
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

When insulin receptors on the liver and muscle cells become less receptive to insulin and blood sugar levels are permanently raised.

33
Q

What are periods of very high blood glucose concentration called?

A

Hyperglycemia

34
Q

What are periods of very low blood glucose concentration called?

A

Hypoglycemia

35
Q

What are some treatments for type 1 diabetes?

A
  • monitoring glucose concentrations and injecting insulin
  • insulin pump therapy (where an insulin pump is permanently inserted under skin)
  • islet of langerhans or pancreas transplants
  • stem cells to grow new islets of langerhans
36
Q

What is the difference between the causes of types 1 and 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1 is genetic but type 2 is caused by lifestyle choices

37
Q

What are some advantages of GM bacteria produced insulin?

A
  • produces exact copy of human insulin
  • insulin less likely to be rejected by immune system
  • cheaper and easier to manufacture
  • body is less likely to develop tolerance to this type of insulin

Biology (24 decks)

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