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Biology > 6.1 Cellular Control > Flashcards

6.1 Cellular Control Flashcards

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1
Q

Which structure of a protein does genetic mutation effect?

A

Primary structure

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2
Q

What are the two types of DNA mutation?

A

Point Mutation and InDel Mutation

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3
Q

What is point mutation?

A

When one base pair is swapped for another

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4
Q

Why does point mutation sometimes have no effect?

A

DNA code is degenerate so multiple codons code for the same amino acid

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of point mutation?

A

Silent
Missense
Nonsense

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6
Q

What is a silent point mutation?

A

A mutation that codes for the same amino acid so has no effect

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7
Q

What is a missense point mutation?

A

A mutation that leads to a different amino acid, changing the primary structure. This will in turn affect the tertiary structure.

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8
Q

What is a nonsense point mutation?

A

A mutation that causes the codon to become a stop codon. This will truncate the protein

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9
Q

What is InDel mutation?

A

An insertion or deletion of a base pair. This will cause all the bases to shift along and read as different codons. This is described as a frameshift.

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10
Q

What is the result of InDel mutation?

A

A frameshift causing a change in the primary (and therefore tertiary) structure of the protein.

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11
Q

What do bacteria (e.g E.coli) usually use as a respiratory substrate?

A

Glucose

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12
Q

What respiratory substrate do bacteria use when there is no glucose

A

Lactose

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13
Q

What are required to metabolise lactose in bacteria

A 
Lactase (B-galactosidase)
Lactose Permease (B-galactosidase permease)
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14
Q

What induces the synthesis of lactase and lactose permease

A

The presence of lactose

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15
Q

What is the name of the stretch of DNA that codes for lactase and lactose permease?

A

The lac operon

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16
Q

What are the two structural genes on the lac operon?

A 
Lac Z (for lactase)
Lac Y (for lactose permease)
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17
Q

What is the function of the regulator gene on the lac operon?

A

To code for the repressor molecule (Lac I). The molecule can either bind to lactose or to the operator gene.

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18
Q

What is the function of the promotor gene on the lac operon?

A

A binding spot for RNA polymerase to begin transcription

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19
Q

Describe what happens at the lac operon when lactose is present.

A
  • the repressor molecule binds to lactose
  • this changes the shape of the molecule causing it to unbind from the operator region
  • RNA polymerase is able to bind to the promoter region
  • the enzymes can be synthesised
20
Q

Describe what happens at the lac operon when lactose is absent.

A
  • the repressor molecule binds to the operator region
  • RNA polymerase is unable to bind to the promotor gene
  • the enzymes can’t be synthesised
21
Q

What are the 3 types of gene regulation in eukaryotic cells?

A

Transcription Factors
Post Transcriptional Regulation
Post Translational Regulation

22
Q

Describe transcription factors.

A

A short protein (or non coding RNA) that slides along the DNA and activates/deactivates the gene by allowing/not allowing RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter region

23
Q

What are introns?

A

Non coding regions of DNA that are not expressed

24
Q

What are exons?

A

Coding regions of DNA that are expressed

25
Q

Describe post transcriptional regulation.

A

When the primary mRNA (that has just been transcribed) is edited to remove the mRNA that corresponds to the intron DNA and then the remaining mRNA joins together.

26
Q

What is the name of the process by which post transcriptional regulation takes place?

A

Splicing

27
Q

What enzyme may be needed in post transcriptional regulation?

A

Endonuclease

28
Q

Describe post translational regulation.

A

The activation of proteins once they have been translated, usually by phophorylation.

29
Q

What is the secondary messenger in post translational regulation?

A

cAMP

30
Q

What is the function of homeobox genes?

A

Regulatory genes that determine the development of a zygote to an adult according to the body plan of an organism.

31
Q

How many DNA long is a homeobox gene?

A

180

32
Q

What family of genes have homeobox genes?

A

Homeotic genes

33
Q

What are the name of homeobox genes only found in animals?

A

Hox genes

34
Q

What do homeobox genes code for?

A

Transcription factors

35
Q

What do the transcription factors coded by homeobox genes contain?

A

Homeodomain proteins

36
Q

What is the structure of homeodomain proteins?

A

a-Helix-Turn-aHelix

37
Q

What bases are the binding sites for homeodomains?

A

TATA

38
Q

Describe colinearity

A

When hox genes are ordered according to the temporal and sequential order of when development will happen

39
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

40
Q

In adults, what should the rate of apoptosis be equal to?

A

The rate of mitosis

41
Q

What is the name given to the amount of times a cell can divide before dying?

A

The Hayflick constant

42
Q

What could happen due to not enough apoptosis?

A

Formation of tumours

43
Q

What could happen due to too much apoptosis?

A

Cell loss and degeneration

44
Q

Describe the mechanism of apoptosis

A
  • enzymes break down the cytoskeleton and the cell starts to bleb
  • the chromatin condenses and the DNA breaks
  • the cell splits into fragments
  • phagocytes engulf the fragments
45
Q

How does nitric oxide induce apoptosis?

A

By making the inner mitochondrial membranes more permeable to H+ and therefore reducing respiration.

46
Q

Why does apoptosis not effect surrounding cells?

A

No hydrolytic enzymes are involved.

Biology (24 decks)

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