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Biology > 5.2 Excretion as Homeostatic Control > Flashcards

5.2 Excretion as Homeostatic Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What is excretion?

A

Excretion is the removal of metabolic waste from the body.

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2
Q

Define metabolic waste.

A

Substances that are produced in excess as a result of metabolic processes in the cells.

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3
Q

What is egestion?

A

Egestion is the process of removing undigested food.

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4
Q

Why is it important to remove metabolic waste from the body?

A

Otherwise it will become toxic.

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of metabolic waste?

A
  • carbon dioxide
  • nitrogenous waste
  • bile pigments
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6
Q

What are the 3 types of nitrogenous waste?

A
  • ammonia
  • urea
  • uric acid
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7
Q

How is ammonia produced?

A

The deamination of excess amino acids.

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8
Q

What are liver cells called?

A

Hepatocytes

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9
Q

What is the function of the hepatic artery?

A

To transport oxygenated blood from the aorta to the liver. Hepatocytes are very active so they need a lot oxygen for respiration.

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10
Q

What is the function of the hepatic vein?

A

For deoxygenated blood to leave the liver and return to the vena cava and regular circulatory system.

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11
Q

What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?

A

To transport deoxygenated blood from the digestive system to the liver.

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12
Q

Why does deoxygenated blood from the digestive system go to the liver?

A

The blood is rich in the products of digestion which includes toxic substances absorbed from the intestines. The liver will make sure the substances don’t circulate in excess.

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13
Q

How can you distinguish the hepatic artery from the hepatic veins?

A

The hepatic artery is thinner than the hepatic vein and hepatic portal vein.

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14
Q

What is the function of the bile duct?

A

To carry bile from the liver to the gall bladder where it is stored until use.

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15
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

To help the digestion of lipids in the small intestine.

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16
Q

What is the liver divided into?

A

4 Lobes

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17
Q

What are lobes divided into?

A

Cylindrical lobules.

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18
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the liver?

A
  • storage of glycogen
  • detoxification of alcohol
  • formation of urea
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19
Q

What are the two stages in the formation of urea?

A

Deamination and the Ornithine Cycle

20
Q

Where in hepatocytes is glyocgen stored?

A

Granules in the cytoplasm

21
Q

What are the different substances that ethanol becomes in the detoxification of alcohol?

A

Ethanol
Ethanal
Ethanoic Acid
Acetyle Coenzyme A

22
Q

What are the two enzymes used in the detoxification of alcohol?

A

Ethanol Dehydrogenase

Ethanal Dehydrogenase

23
Q

What are the tubules in the kidneys called?

A

Nephrons

24
Q

What is the renal artery?

A

A blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys.

25
Q

What is the renal vein?

A

A blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood out of the kidneys

26
Q

What are the 3 main layers of the kidney?

A
  • renal cortex
  • renal medulla
  • renal pelvis
27
Q

What is the outer protecting membrane of the kidney?

A

The renal capsule

28
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

The lightly coloured outer region of the kidneys where filtration happens.

29
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

The darker inner region of the kidney where the renal pyramids are found. The medulla maintains the salt and water balance in the kidneys.

30
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

The flat funnel shaped cavity in the centre of the kidney that collects the urine which goes into the ureter.

31
Q

What is the name of the cup shaped structure in the cortex which is the start of the nephron?

A

Bowman’s Capsule

32
Q

Which two layers of the kidney does a nephron pass through?

A

The cortex and medulla

33
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

The knot of capillaries surrounding the bowman’s capsule.

34
Q

What are the 3 layers between the capillaries and bowman’s capsule that helps to filter the blood?

A
  • endothelium of the capillary
  • basement membrane
  • epithelial cells of the bowman’s capsule
35
Q

How does the endothelium of the capillary contribute to ultrafiltration?

A

Narrow gaps in between the cells and fenestration pores allow plasma through

36
Q

How does the basement membrane contribute to ultrafiltration?

A

There are a mesh of collagen fibres and glycoproteins that stop larger molecules such as proteins from passing through.

37
Q

How does the epithelium of the bowman’s capsule contribute to ultrafiltration

A

Podocyte cells have finger like projections called major processes that create gaps

38
Q

Which is the wider arteriole connected to the glomerulus?

A

afferent arteriole

39
Q

Which is the narrower arteriole connected to the glomerulus?

A

efferent arteriole

40
Q

Which molecules remain in the blood during ultrafiltration as they are too big

A

Proteins and red blood cells

41
Q

Define selective reabsorption

A

When certain substances are reabsorbed back into the blood from the proximal convoluting tubule in the nephrons via active transport and cotransport.

42
Q

Where does selective reabsorption take place

A

Proximal convoluting tubule

43
Q

What is the tissue lining the proximal convoluting tubule

A

Cuboidal epithelium

44
Q

How are the membranes of cuboidal epithelium folded

A

To form microvilli to increase the surface area

45
Q

What is the purpose of selective reabsorption?

A

To get glucose, amino acids and water back into the blood.

46
Q

Describe the mechanism of selective reabsorption.

A
  • sodium ions are actively pumped out of the cuboidal epithelial cells which increases the concentration gradient of sodium ions
  • the sodium ions then can re-enter via cotransporter proteins with a molecule of amino acids or glucose with them
  • this decrease the water potential so the water also enters via osmosis
  • glucose and amino acids then diffuse into the blood stream
47
Q

How are the cuboidal epithelial cells adapted for selective reabsorption.

A
  • membrane folded into microvilli to increase surface area
  • many mitochondria to provide ATP for active transport
  • cotransporter proteins
  • sodium pumps

Biology (24 decks)

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