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Biology > 4.1 Disease Prevention > Flashcards

4.1 Disease Prevention Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that causes disease.

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2
Q

Name 4 pathogens.

A
  • bacteria
  • virus
  • fungi
  • protoctista
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3
Q

What is the difference between direct and indirect transmission?

A

Direct transmission is the pathogen passing from host to host with no intermediary but indirect transmission passes the pathogen via a vector.

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4
Q

What is the primary immune response?

A

The initial immune system response caused by the first infection. It is slower and can cause symptoms.

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5
Q

What is the secondary immune response?

A

A faster and stronger immune response caused by a subsequent infection of the same pathogen.

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6
Q

What are primary defences?

A

Defences that prevent the pathogen from entering the body.

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7
Q

Give examples of primary defences.

A
  • skin
  • coughing/sneezing
  • tears
  • mucous
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8
Q

What are secondary defences?

A

Defences that combat pathogens once they have entered the body?

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9
Q

What is the difference between specific and non-specific responses?

A

Specific responses are only for a particular pathogen but non-specific responses can work against many different pathogens.

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10
Q

Give 3 examples of bacterial pathogens.

A
  • tuberculosis
  • bacterial meningitis
  • ring rot (plants)
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11
Q

Give 3 examples of viral pathogens.

A
  • HIV
  • influenza
  • tobacco mosaic virus (plants)
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12
Q

Give 3 examples of fungal pathogens.

A
  • athletes foot
  • ringworm
  • black sigatoka (plants)
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13
Q

Give 2 examples of protoctista pathogens.

A

-malaria

blight (plants)

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14
Q

What are the 2 non-specific immune responses?

A

Phagocytosis and Inflamation

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils and Macrophages

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16
Q

What are the main differences between neutrophils and macrophages.

A

Neutrophils have a multi-lobed nucleus and macrophages don’t fully digest the pathogen.

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17
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Specialised white blood cells (leukocytes) in blood and tissue fluid that engulf and destroy pathogens.

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18
Q

What are opsonins?

A

Antibodies that bind to the antigens of pathogens and alert phagocytes to come over and bind to them and destroy the pathogen.

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19
Q

Describe phagocytosis.

A

1) The opsonin binds to the foreign antigen and the phagocyte then binds to the pathogen
2) The phagocyte extends it’s pseudopodia around the pathogen to engulf it by endocytosis
3) The pathogen is trapped inside vesicles in the phagocyte called phagosomes
4) Lysosome enzymes bind to the phagosomes to form phagolysosomes
5) The lysosome enzymes destroy the pathogen
6) If the phagocyte is a macrophage, then the antigens will be presented in it’s surface which can stimulate T-helper cells

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of antibody?

A

Opsonins, Antitoxins and Agglutins.

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21
Q

What are Agglutins?

A

Antibodies that clump multiple pathogens together so that they can be more easily engulfed in phagocytosis.

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22
Q

What are Antitoxins?

A

Antibodies that render the toxins produced by pathogens harmless by binding to the toxins produced by pathogens and neutralising them

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23
Q

What are the two regions in antibodies?

A

Variable region and Constant region.

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24
Q

Which region in the antibodies is specific to one antigen?

A

The variable region.

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25
Q

What are the two chains that make up an antibody?

A

The heavy polypeptide chain and the light polypeptide chain.

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26
Q

What holds the two polypeptide chains together in antibodies?

A

A disulphide bridge bond.

27
Q

What area on the antibody allows the variable regions to move?

A

The hinge region

28
Q

How many antigens can one antibody bind to?

A

2

29
Q

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

A

Active immunity is when the immune system is activated and produces it’s own antibodies but passive immunity is when antibodies are passed to an individual in ways such as breast feeding or antibody injections.

30
Q

What is the difference between natural and artificial immunity?

A

Natural immunity is achieved through normal life processes and being infected by the pathogen normally but artificial immunity comes from medical intervention (i.e vaccines).

31
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Specific proteins released by plasma cells that can attach to the antigens of pathogens.

32
Q

What are antigens?

A

Chemical markers on the membrane of pathogens that are specific to the one pathogen

33
Q

What are the 2 types of specific immune response.

A

Cellular and Humoral

34
Q

What is the cellular response?

A

When cytotoxic T cells identify infected cells and kill them.

35
Q

What is the humoral response?

A

The production of specific antibodies that stop pathogens from functioning.

36
Q

What are T helper cells?

A

Cells that release cytokines to stimulate a specific immune response.

37
Q

What are T cytotoxic (killer) cells?

A

Cells that destroy body cells infected by pathogens.

38
Q

What are T memory cells?

A

Cells that remember the antigens of the pathogens and provide long term immunity.

39
Q

What are T regulator cells?

A

Cells that shut down the immune response after the pathogen has been removed.

40
Q

What are interleukines?

A

Signalling molecules that communicate between different white blood cells.

41
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Cells that come from B lymphocytes and produce antibodies.

42
Q

What are B memory cells?

A

Cells that stay in the blood for a long time and provide long term immunity.

43
Q

What is clonal expansion?

A

An increase in the number of lymphocytes once the foreign antigen has been identified.

44
Q

Explain the cellular specific immune response.

A
  • foreign antigens presented by phagocytes (macrophages) bind to specific receptors on T cells which activate the T helper cells
  • the T helper cells release cytokines which activate T cytotoxic cells, B cells and phagocytes
  • the T cytotoxic cells kill the infected cells
  • once the pathogens have been destroyed, T regulator cells shut down the immune response
45
Q

Explain the humoral specific immune response.

A
  • T helper cells release cytokines which activate B cells among others
  • the B cells divide into identical plasma cells, this is clonal selection
  • the rapid expansion of plasma cells (clonal expansion) produces monoclonal antibodies which bind to the foreign antigens
  • agglutination then clumps the pathogens together and allows phagocytes to engulf them
46
Q

Give and explain 3 physical plant defences against pathogens

A

Callose- a polysaccharide that is deposited in the sieve tube plates in order to stop flow in the sieve tubes which could be carrying pathogens

Cellulose Cell Walls- act as a physical barrier to entry of the cells and contain many chemical defences that can be activated

Tylose- growths that clog up and block the xylem to prevent any flow that could be carrying pathogens

47
Q

Give and explain 3 chemical plant defences against pathogens

A

Hydrolytic Enzymes- enzymes found in between cells such as chitinases and lysosymes which break down pathogen cell walls

Terpenoids- oils that have anti-fungal properties

Phenols- chemicals such as tannins make the plant bitter to insects, reducing herbivory which will reduce the transmission of pathogens

48
Q

Describe necrosis.

A

When a plant deliberately kills cells surrounding an infection in order to save the rest of the plant

49
Q

Give two methods of direct pathogen transmission in plants.

A
  • Fungi producing spores that can be carried in the wind

- Pathogens present in soil that can enter through the roots

50
Q

How are pathogens transmitted indirectly in plants

A

Pathogens attach to insects and other organisms that attack plants

51
Q

Give 4 ways of direct pathogen transmission in animals

A
  • direct contact with an infected surface
  • spores
  • contaminated food or water
  • pathogens carried in water droplets in the air
52
Q

What is a vector

A

An organism that is used by a pathogen to gain entry into the host organism

53
Q

What is the difference between active and passive immunity

A

Active immunity involves the body’s immune system producing it’s own antibodies but passive immunity is when antibodies are passed to the individual from something/someone else

54
Q

What is the difference between natural and artificial immunity

A

Natural immunity is achieved through normal life processes but artificial immunity is achieved through medical intervention

55
Q

Give an example of each of the 4 types of immunity

natural active, natural passive, artificial active and artificial passive

A

Natural Active - Immunity from the bodies own antibodies following an infection

Natural Passive - Immunity from antibodies provided via breast milk or the placenta

Artificial Active - Immunity provided from antibodies produced by the body following a vaccine

Artificial Passive - Immunity from the injection of antibodies

56
Q

What is a vaccination

A

The deliberate exposure of an immune system to a harmless or weakened version of antigenic material in order to stimulate an immune response and memory cells which will provide long term immunity

57
Q

Describe the difference between herd vaccination and ring vaccination

A

Herd vaccination involves vaccinating all or almost all of the at risk population. Once enough people are immune, the disease can no longer be spread and herd immunity is achieved. Ring vaccination is when following the discovery of a case, all the people in the general vicinity are vaccinated.

58
Q

Describe how synthetic biology is used in the development of new drugs

A

The development of new molecules that mimic natural biological systems aimed at combating pathogens.

59
Q

Briefly describe inflamation

A
  • mast cells detect the presence of pathogens and release a signalling molecule called histamine
  • this histamine causes vasodilation and increases the permeability of capillary walls
  • more blood plasma and white blood cells enter the tissue as tissue fluid which causes swelling
  • the excess tissue is drained into the lymphatic system which is where the lymphocytes are stored so the pathogens can come into contact with the lymphocytes
60
Q

Briefly describe blood clotting

A
  • many clotting factors are involved in creating an enzyme cascade reaction where a blood clot forms (with calcium ions also needed)
  • these clotting factors are released from platelets in the blood
  • collagen is then deposited under the scab that forms
  • stem cells divide to form new skin cells
61
Q

How do bacteria divide

A

Binary Fission

62
Q

Which organelles do bacteria not have

A

Mitochondria or Nucleus

63
Q

What materials are bacteria and fungus cell walls made out of respectfully

A

Peptidoglycan and Chitin

Biology (24 decks)

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