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Biology > 2.2 Biological Molecules > Flashcards

2.2 Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 types of lipids?

A
  • Phospholipids
  • Triglycerides
  • Cholesterol
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2
Q

What makes a fatty acid saturated?

A

If it has no double carbon bonds

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3
Q

What are triglycerides composed of?

A

3 fatty acid binding to one glycerol molecules. Each fatty acid binds to one of the 3 free OH- groups on the glycerol.

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4
Q

What type of reaction binds the fatty acids to the glycerol in triglycerides?

A

Condensation Reaction

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5
Q

What are triglycerides used for?

A
  • buoyancy
  • energy storage
  • protection
  • insulation
  • energy sources
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6
Q

What are phospholipids composed of?

A

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group binding to a glycerol molecule.

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7
Q

What bonds form in the condensation of lipids?

A

Ester bonds.

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8
Q

Which areas of the phospholipid bilayer are hydrophobic and which are hydrophillic?

A

The inwards facing fatty acids are hydrophobic and the outwards facing phosphate groups are hydrophilic.

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9
Q

What is cholesterol composed of?

A

4 carbon based rings.

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10
Q

What is the job of cholesterol in the phospholipid bilayer?

A

To regulate the membrane’s fluidity.

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11
Q

What type of bond is an ester bond?

A

A covalent bond

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12
Q

What 3 elements are in carbohydrates?

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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14
Q

Give 3 examples of monosaccharides.

A

Glucose (a or b)
Fructose
Galactose

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15
Q

What bond is formed in the condensation reaction between two monosaccharides.

A

A glycosidic bond (where the two hydroxyl (OH-) groups line up)

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16
Q

Give 3 examples of disaccharides.

A

Lactose
Sucrose
Maltose

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17
Q

Give 4 examples of polysaccharides.

A

Amylose
Amylopectin
Glycogen
Cellulose

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18
Q

Which two polysaccharides make up starch.

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

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19
Q

Which polysaccharides are made by alpha glucose?

A

Amylose
Amylopectin
Glycogen

20
Q

What polysaccharide is made from beta glucose?

A

Cellulose

21
Q

What polysaccharides only have 1-4 glycosidic bonds?

A

Amylose and Cellulose

22
Q

What polysaccharides have 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds?

A

Glycogen and Amylopectin

23
Q

Describe the structure and function of amylose.

A

Amylose is coiled but unbranched. Therefore it is very compact and can store a lot of energy.

24
Q

Describe the structure and function of amylopectin.

A

Amylopectin is coiled and branched. It has many side branches and can release energy quickly.

25
Q

Describe the structure and function of glycogen.

A

Glycogen has a lot of side branches so it can release energy quickly. It is compact and insoluble so it can be stored without changing the water potential of the cell.

26
Q

Describe the structure and function of cellulose.

A

Cellulose has long and unbranched microfibrils which provide structural support in plant cell walls.

27
Q

What is the monomer that makes up proteins?

A

Amino Acids

28
Q

What is the structure of the proteins dependant on?

A

The order of the amino acids.

29
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

20

30
Q

What is a prosthetic group?

A

Anything part of a protein that isn’t made of amino acids.

31
Q

What are the two types of proteins?

A

Globular proteins and Fibrous proteins

32
Q

Describe the structure of globular proteins.

A

Tightly folded polypeptides that cause a spherical shape. They are hydrophilic on the outside and hydrophobic on the inside, this makes them soluble in water.

33
Q

Give 3 examples of globular proteins.

A
  • enzymes
  • haemoglobin
  • hormones
34
Q

Describe the structure of fibrous proteins

A

Parallel polypeptide chains held together by cross links that create long fibres. They are insoluble in water.

35
Q

Give 3 examples of fibrous proteins.

A
  • collagen
  • keratin
  • elastin
36
Q

What bonds are formed between amino acids in a condensation reaction?

A

Peptide bonds

37
Q

What is a chain of amino acids called?

A

A polypeptide

38
Q

Describe the primary structure of proteins.

A

The order and amount of amino acids which make a simple chain.

39
Q

Describe the secondary structure of proteins.

A

Hydrogen bonds that cause the protein to either coil into an alpha helix or fold into a beta pleated sheet.

40
Q

Describe the tertiary structure of proteins.

A

Either hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulphide bonds or hydrophilic/phobic interactions give the proteins a 3D shape. It is either globular or fibrous.

41
Q

Describe the quaternary structure of proteins.

A

The protein has two or more interlinked polypeptide chains.

42
Q

Describe how the emulsion test, tests for lipids.

A

Combining the lipid with ethanol dissolves the lipid. Adding water will then turn the solution cloudy in the presence of lipids.

43
Q

What colour does a substance turn if proteins are present during a buirets test.

A

Lilac

44
Q

What sugars are reducing sugars?

A

All monosaccharides and some disaccharides.

45
Q

Describe the benedicts test for reducing sugars.

A

The substance is added to copper sulphate and then heated. Benedicts solution is added and if there are reducing sugars, a red precipitate will form.

Biology (24 decks)

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