6.1 - Emergence And Evolution Of Modern Sport

Question 1

What is mob football?

Answer 1

Mass game with very few rules played between or in villages

Question 2

What is cock fighting?

Answer 2

Throw sticks at a cockerel from about 20 feet. If you knocked over the bird and picked up the stick before the bird picked itself up, you could claim the bird and charge others to throw at it

Question 3

What were the 2 social classes pre industrial britain was split into?

Answer 3

Upper class - aristocracy or gentry who were hereditary landowners
Lower/Peasant class - peasants who worked manually, mainly on land

Question 4

What were common activities for the peasant class? (4)

Answer 4

Mob football
Dog fighting
Prize fighting
Cock fighting

Question 5

What were common activities for the upper class? (2)

Answer 5

Real tennis
Fox hunting

Question 6

What activities were both classes able to participate in? (2)

Answer 6

Pedestrianism - lower class would compete and the upper class would sponsor participants
Cricket

Question 7

What is an amateur?

Answer 7

Person who competes in sports but doesn’t receive rewards for participation

Question 8

What is a professsional?

Answer 8

Person who competes in sport activities and earns an income by participating

Question 9

How was gender affected in pre-industrial britain?

Answer 9

Women seen as ‘weaker’ sex - participated in activities which weren’t as dangerous

Question 10

One activity which lower class women and one activity which upper class women were involved in, in pre-industrial britain?

Answer 10

Lower class - smock race (compete for the prize of a smock)
Upper class - archery

Question 11

What was law and order like in pre-industrial britain for upper and lower classes? (3)

Answer 11

Little law and order (this shaped the types of activities which would take place)
Peasant class involved in more violent activities such as: bare-knuckled fighting, animal baiting which reflect the lack of law and order
Mob football had few laws which reflected the lack of law and order

Question 12

What was education like in pre-industrial britain for upper and lower classes?

Answer 12

Upper class - could read, write and understand rules of sophisticated activities like tennis
Lower class - uneducated and illiterate, involved in activities with little rules such as mob football

Question 13

What was the availability of time like in pre-industrial britain for upper and lower classes?

Answer 13

Lower class - involved in long working hours doing labour, little appetite for physical exercise due to work
Upper class - had more time on their hands and could therefore be involved in activities that were longer lasting

Question 14

What was the availability of money like in pre-industrial britain for upper and lower classes?

Answer 14

Upper class - more time and money so had more opportunity for involvement. Afford equipment, facilities and had exclusive activities due to money
Lower class - less time and less money so less opportunity for sports. Can’t afford any extra equipment

Question 15

What was the availability of type and availability of transport like in pre-industrial britain for upper and lower classes?

Answer 15

Upper class - horse
Lower class - walk
Could only travel so far as roads were in appalling state

Question 16

How did social class change in post 1850 industrial britain? (3)

Answer 16

Middle class was made - more time and money to be involved in sport activities
Went to public schools
We’re influential in developing rules and governing bodies of sport activities such as football and rugby

Question 17

How did gender and the status of women change post 1850 industrial britain? (4)

Answer 17

Status began to change
Assumption women should marry was compromised due to shortage of men (due to war and men more likely to emigrate)
Women given right to have equal rights to work, study and own property
This encouraged women to be more involved in sport and physical education in sport

Question 18

How did law and order change post 1850 industrial britain? (3)

Answer 18

Development of more defined laws and a sense of order affected the types of activities which took place
Changes led to a decrease in blood sports
Upper class however held onto their sports
- law makers were upper and middle class and it was in their interest to support their sports

Question 19

How did education and literacy change post 1850 industrial britain?

Answer 19

National system of education was introduced
Vast majority of working class had little interest in education, perceived too be of little relevance
Child labour was still common
1891 education act - education became free and more accessible to the working class
- this led to understanding of more sophisticated rules in sport and allowed more people to be introduced to sport

Question 20

How did availability of time and money change post 1850 industrial britain?

Answer 20

Factory owners realised that sport could keep their workers loyal and healthy
Given a half day on Saturday to engage in sports
Although more time was available, there was still a lack of participation as workers didnt have any disposable income

Question 21

How did time and availability of transport change post 1850 industrial britain?

Answer 21

River communications - canals and boats
Development of roads
Development of bicycles
Development of railways
Eventually motor cars
- this allowed spectators to travel and support the team at away fixtures

Question 22

Why was the middle class important in the development of sport?

Answer 22

Many went to public schools and were influential in developing rules and governing bodies of sports activities

Question 23

What was the implications of sport to headmasters in the 1800s?

Answer 23

We’re not in favour of sport

Question 24

What was the implications of sport to headmasters in the 1850s?

Answer 24

Sport became more important in education of upper class boys in public schools

Question 25

What was the prefect-fagging system?

Answer 25

Cruel exploitation of younger boys being used as servants for older boys - experienced bullying and brutality

Question 26

What did Thomas Arnold want? (3)

Answer 26

Wanted students to grow as moral christians
Promoted more regulated sport
Wanted to rid the fagging system

Question 27

What did Thomas Arnold develop? (3)

Answer 27

The house system
Instigated prefects, who organised sport
Helped to develop the idea of muscular Christianity

Question 28

What is muscular Christianity?

Answer 28

The idea of linking sport with being a Christian gentleman
Was vital in developing the link between sports and games and moral and ethical issues

Question 29

What is the cult of athleticism?

Answer 29

Concept of development of character through sport

Question 30

What did students do in 1845?

Answer 30

Wrote their own rules to ensure fair play

Question 31

What developments occurred in the twentieth century in the uk? (6)

Answer 31

Scientific and technological innovation
Many societies became hugely rich
Urbanisation
Communication technology greatly advanced
More time for leisure activity, less time spent at work
Stress due to war and terrorism

Question 32

What developments occurred in sports during the 1900s? (4)

Answer 32

Games were enclosed + boundaries were made more formal
Games were timetabled
Written codes of conduct
Most cruel sports had disappeared

Question 33

What developments occurred to spectatorship in the 1900s? (4)

Answer 33

Spectators had to pay to watch
Number on back of players shirt - allow for spectators to identify them
Fixed number of players on each side
More watching occurred than participating

Question 34

What developments occurred to clubs in the 1900s? (2)

Answer 34

Could now afford to pay players
Cup + league competition involved both town and area rivalry
- this creates purpose and excitement

Question 35

What occurred in 1914 due to soccer being played in war?

Answer 35

The reputation of sports declined among the middle class
- they saw these events as too common and too associated with drinking and gambling

Question 36

What was the role of sports in the world war?

Answer 36

Important role in maintaining troop moral

Question 37

What did the ‘butler act’ of 1944 say?

Answer 37

Education not only involves communicating academic information but involves the whole of the person: academic ability, spiritual, physical and vocational needs

Question 38

What was the state of education system in England made up from before the introduction of comprehensive schools? (3)

Answer 38

Grammar schools
Secondary modern schools
Secondary technical schools

Question 39

How did the av. of time money and space for sport develop in the 20th century? (5)

Answer 39

Increased time and money
Men played sports and watched sports
Britain offered opportunity in many different sports
Availability of money was a big factor
Space that was available was heavily used

Question 40

How did transport develop in the 20th century? (1)

Answer 40

Both public and private transport became more available to everyone
- Number of people who could participate and spectate increased