5.1 - Individual Differences Flashcards
What is state anxiety?
Anxiety felt in a particular situation
What is trait anxiety?
A trait that is enduring in an individual. Refers to anxiety as a characteristic of a person
State 5 characteristics of type A personality?
High levels of stress
Strong desire to success
High levels of alertness
Work at fast pace
Need to be in control
State 5 characteristics of type B personality’s?
Relaxed
Tolerant approach
Lower personal stress
Less competitive
Delegate easily
What is a stable personality trait?
Traits which are unchangeable, remain constant and predicatable
What is an unstable personality trait?
Traits which are changeable and unpredictable
What is an extrovert?
A trait of a person who seeks social situation and excitement but lacks concentration
What is an introvert?
A trait of a person who doesn’t seek social situations and likes peace and quiet, but is good at concentrating
What is the social learning approach to personality?
Our personalities are shaped by those around us and that we are more likely to adopt the personality of role models that we come into contact with
What is the interactionist approach to personality?
We are all born with certain personality characteristics but some of these can be changed by interacting with the environment
What are the elements of the triadic model of attitudes?
Beliefs - cognitive element
Emotions - affective element
Behaviour - behavioural element
What are the 4 components of persuasive communication? (4)
The persuader - must be of high status and perceived to be significant
The message - needs to be presented in a way that the recipients want to change their attitude
The recipients - attitude more easily changed if recipient wishes to be change
The situation - attitudes are easier to change of there are other persuaders present
Why would some people have positive attitudes towards sport? (7)
Believe in value of exercise
Enjoy activities and have fun or enjoy the competition
Are good at the activity
Experience excitement due to physical challenge
Enjoy physical sensations and personal expression
Experience relaxation and see it as an escape from stress
See participation as a social norm
Why would some people have a negative attitude to sports? (6)
Believe it is harmful or they’re better of doing other things
Dislike the experiences involved
Lack physical or perceptual skills needed
Frightened of the activity
Experience stress/anxiety when they participate
See the social norm as not having to participate
What are the 2 types of motivation?
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
What is intrinsic motivation?
Internal drive to do well or participate
What is extrinsic motivation?
External factors which can increase drive to do well or participate
What is arousal ?
The amount of drive we experience to achieve something
What does drive theory state ?
As arousal increase so does performance
What does inverted U theory state?
As arousal increases so does performance
Until it reaches an optimum point - usually at moderate arousal level
Once past the moderate arousal level, performance begins to decline
What does the catastrophe theory state?
As arousal increase so does performance
Until it reaches its optimum performance level around moderate arousal
Performance then has an extreme decline
It will then either continue to decline or gradually increase, dependant on somatic and cognitive anxiety
What is peak flow experience?
Optimum performance levels have been achieved and are associated with a particular emotional response
What is competitive trait anxiety?
Perceive competitive situations as threatening and to respond to these situations with feelings of apprehension or tension
What are the 4 factors related to competitive anxiety?
Individual differences
Different types of anxiety
General or specific anxiety
The competition process
How can you achieve being in the zone? (7)
Be relaxed
Be confident
Be completely focused
Activity is effortless
Movements are automatic
Fun
In control
What is cue utilisation?
Performer concentrates on the relevant cues at the particular time
What does aggression mean?
Intent to harm outside the rules of the sports event
What is assertion?
Forceful behaviour within the laws of the event
What does the instinct theory of aggression say?
Aggression is a natural response
What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
Hypothesis states that frustration will always leads to aggression because any blocking of goals than an individual is trying to reach increases that individuals drive, which in turn increases aggression.
What is aggressive cue hypothesis?
When an individual is frustrated, their arousal increases and this creates a readiness for aggression
What is social facillitation?
Positive influence of others, who may be watching or completing, on sports performance
What is social inhibition?
Negative influence of others, who may be watching or completing, on sports performance
What are the factors affect performance according zajnoc?
Presence of an audience increases levels of arousal
Increase in arousal means performer is more likely to perform the dominant response
If the skill is simple or performer is an expert, the dominant response is likely to be the correct one and performance will improve
If the skill is complex or the performer is a novice, then the dominant response is likely to be wrong and performance will decline
What is evaluation apprehension?
Cottrell went on to state that arousal level increased only when others present were evaluating, or were perceived by the performer to be evaluating or judging performance.
What factors effect social facilitation?
Personality factors
Levels of experience
Types of skills or activities
