4.5 - Stages Of Learning, Guidance And Feedback Flashcards
What are the 3 stages of learning? Describe each for a brownie point ;p ?
Cognitive- performer understands the skill and what is meant to be done
Associative - performer practices and associates the movements produced with a mental images
Autonomous - when movements become almost automatic, with very little conscious thought
What are the 4 types of guidance?
Verbal
Visual
Mechanical
Manual
2 advantages and disadvantages of verbal guidance?
+ can be used to reinforce good movements and identify errors
+ it can hold the attention of the performer if used appropriately and can be used to motivate the performer to learn and develop the skill
- it can lead to ‘information overload’
- guidance given could be inaccurate and performer may not develop skills effectively
3 advantages and disadvantages of visual guidance?
+ performer can find it easy to create a mental picture of what is required by watching skill
+ allow skill to be seen in separate stages
+ encourage observational learning by drawing attention to the important cues
- demonstration could be incorrect and performer could learn bad habits
- coach may not be able to show an accurate demonstration
- visual representation may be unclear or skill may be done too quickly for performer to follow it effectively
What is manual guidance?
Response of performer being directed physically by another person
What is mechanical guidance?
Physical support for the performer by another person or a mechanical device
2 advantages and disadvantages of mechanical/manual guidance
+ it can give the performer a greater sense of safety and help their confidence
+ can be used to isolate an important aspect of the skill to practise as a seperate sub routine
- can be over-restrictive to the performer who feels a lack of control over the movement
- can lead to the false sense of kinaesthesis
What is intrinsic feedback?
Information available to the performer that is internal or arising from the sensory system
2 advantages and disadvantages of intrinsic feedback?
+ readily available and movements can be often be corrected or altered immediately
+ performer doesnt have to rely on others
- if in cognitive stage performer may not be able to effectively interpret information
- some performer may interpret intrinsic feedback incorrectly causing performance to detreiorte
What is extrinsic feedback?
Feedback from an external source to the performer
1 advantage and 2 disadvantages of extrinsic feedback?
+ coach can give coaching points that may lead to improvements, as long as information is correct and relevant
- inaccurate feedback can affect performance negatively and result in negative transfer
- this feedback doesn’t encourage as much kinaesthetic awareness as intrinsic feedback
What is positive feedback?
Information that is often extrinsic and rewards the performer
3 advantages and 2 disadvantages of positive feedback?
+ lead to positive reinforcement and therefore the formation of correct SR bonds
+ extremely motivating for performers in the cognitive stage of learning
+ can help build self esteem and confidence in the performer
- if undeserved, the wrong SR bonds can be made
- some performers don’t respond well to praise and it may hinder their performance
What is negative feedback?
Feedback given in form of criticism and focus on poor aspects of the performance and result
3 advantages and 2 disadvantages of negative feedback?
+ some performers respond well and become determined to improve
+ performer becomes clear on what they need to improve
+ more suited to autonomous learners who need to further refine their skills
- feedback can be demotivating, especially if they are in the cognitive stage or if they cant handle criticism
- may be detremental in the learning process if the feedback given is inaccurate
