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Geography > 6) Dynamic development > Flashcards

6) Dynamic development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is economic development?

A

Progress in economic growth

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2
Q

What is social development?

A

Improvements to people’s standard of living

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3
Q

What is environmental development?

A

Advances in management and protection of the environment

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4
Q

What is GDP?

A

The total value of goods and services a country produces per year

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5
Q

What is GDP per capita?

A

GDP divided by population

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6
Q

what is GNI?

A

Gross National Income- the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including income from overseas

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7
Q

What is GNI per capita?

A

GNI divided by population

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8
Q

What is birth rate?

A

Th number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year

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9
Q

What is the death rate?

A

The number of deaths per thousand per year

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10
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

The average age a person can expect to live to

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11
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

The number of deaths of children under 1 per thousand babies born

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12
Q

What is literacy rate?

A

The percentage of adults who can read and write

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13
Q

What is HDI?

A

Human Development Index

A number calculated using life expectancy, education level and income

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14
Q

what is the happy index?

A

Dividing a country’s life expectancy, well being and inequality by its environmental impact

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15
Q

What does lots of wealth, good health and education indicate?

A

A developed country

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16
Q

Characteristics of LIDCs 4

A

Low GNI
Low standard of living
Economy based on primary industry
Low exports

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17
Q

Characteristics of ACs 4

A

High GNI
High standard of living
Economy based on tertiary and quaternary industries
Lots of money to spend on development

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18
Q

Characteristics of EDCs 3

A

Getting richer
Economy moves from primary to secondary industry
Exports and increasing wages mean there is more money to spend on development

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19
Q

4 physical factors affecting development

A

Climate
Natural resources
Location
Natural hazards

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20
Q

How can climate impact development? 3

A

A poor climate means that not much food can be produced. Malnutrition leads to a poor quality of life
People can’t sell crops to make money and spend on services which would aid their quality of life
Government gets less money from taxes = less spent on development

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21
Q

How can natural resources impact development?

A

No resources to sell = no money made

This means they have less money to spend on development

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22
Q

How can location impact development? 2

A

In landlocked countries, it can be hard to import or export resources
This means its hard to make money and goods which could aid development can’t be accessed

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23
Q

How can natural disasters impact development?

A

Lots of money is spent rebuilding the country after they occur

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24
Q

8 human factors affecting development

A 
Conflict
Debt
Politics
Trade
Education
Tourism
Healthcare
Aid
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25
Q

How can conflict impact development?

A

Money is spent on weapons and rebuilding the country, not on development

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26
Q

How can debt impact development?

A

If countries borrow money, it has to be paid back with interest = less money for development

27
Q

How can politics impact development? 2

A

Corrupt governments can take money for themselves that would have otherwise have been used for development or stop a fair election from happening
If a government is unstable other countries won’t invest

28
Q

How can trade impact development? 3

A

A trade deficit means a country has little money coming in so it is poorer
If a country has poor trade links, it won’t make money for development
Exporting primary goods has a lower value than manufactured ones

29
Q

What is a trade surplus?

A

Exports of a greater value than imports

30
Q

What is a trade deficit?

A

Imports at a greater value than exports

31
Q

How can education impact development? 2

A

Education = a skilled workforce which means the country can produce more goods and services
Educated people =higher salary = more taxes for development

32
Q

How can healthcare impact development? 2

A

Lack of healthcare means many people die from diseases like cholera
If they’re ill, they can’t work and aren’t contributing to the economy

33
Q

How can aid impact development? 2

A

Aid can benefit countries by helping them develop faster, e.g. by building wells
But if a country is reliant on aid, it might prevent them creating trade links to get out of poverty

34
Q

How can tourism impact development?

A

Tourism = increased income for development

35
Q

What does Rostow’s model predict?

A

How a country’s level of economic development will change over time

36
Q

What are the 5 stages on the Rostow Model?

A 
Traditional society
Preconditions for take off
Take off
Drive to maturity
Mass consumption
37
Q

What are the characteristics of a country at stage 1 on the Rostow Model? 3

A

Subsistence based
Little trade
Farming, forestry and fishing

38
Q

What are the characteristics of a country at stage 2 on the Rostow Model? 3

A

Manufacturing starts to develop
Infrastructure is built
International trading begins

39
Q

What are the characteristics of a country at stage 3 on the Rostow Model? 3

A

Rapid growth
Increasing wealth
Industrialisation

40
Q

What are the characteristics of a country at stage 4 on the Rostow Model? 3

A

People get wealthier
Standards of living rise
Widespread use of technology

41
Q

What are the characteristics of a country at stage 5 on the Rostow Model? 3

A

Lots of trade
Goods are mass produced
High levels of consumption

42
Q

What are the MDGs?

A

Millennium Development Goals

They aim to improve lives in LIDCs

43
Q

What are the 8 goals?

A 
Halve people in poverty
Widespread primary education
Increase women's rights
Reduce death rates in children
Reduce death rates caused by pregnancy and childbirth
Stop spread of major diseases
Protect environment
Ensure countries work together to help LIDCs  develop
44
Q

What is top down aid?

A

Government receives money and decides on how to spend it

45
Q

Advantages of top down aid 2

A

Often used for large scale projects

Solve large scale problems and help with long term development by solving economic problems

46
Q

Disadvantages of top down aid 3

A

May have to repay money
May not benefit everyone
Corrupt governments use money for personal gain

47
Q

What is bottom up aid?

A

Money given directly to locals

48
Q

Advantages of bottom up aid 2

A

Local people decide how to spend money

Projects often employ locals so they learn new skills

49
Q

Disadvantages of bottom up aid 2

A

Don’t benefit everyone

Different organisations may not work together

50
Q

What is short term aid

A

Aid sent to countries to help with emergencies

51
Q

Advantages of short term aid 2

A

Gives immediate relief

Money allocated for development doesn’t have to be spent on this

52
Q

Disadvantages of short term aid 2

A

Doesn’t help with long term recovery, like rebuilding infrastructure
Food aid may impact income of farmers

53
Q

What is long term aid?

A

Aid given over a long period of time to aid development

54
Q

Advantages of long term aid 3

A

Most projects are sustainable
Can improve lives long term
May help build trade links between countries

55
Q

Disadvantages oF long term aid 2

A

Recipient country dependent on aid

Often tied - must spend on imports from donor country

56
Q

What is debt relief?

A

A country doesn’t have to pay money back

57
Q

Advantages of debt relief 2

A

Frees up money to be spent on development

Donor countries can specify how money should be spent

58
Q

Disadvantages of debt relief 2

A

Donor countries may be reluctant to help corrupt governments

Imposing conditions means money isn’t spent where it is needed

59
Q

How does trade help a country to develop? 2

A

Creating jobs and bringing money to country

Increasing money a country has to spend on development

60
Q

Problems with relying on trade for development 4

A

Some LIDCs can’t afford technology to produce goods efficiently
LIDCs dependent on trade of one product. If demand falls, their income decreases
Primary products aren’t profitable
Low wages and working conditions for people

61
Q

What are trans national companies?

A

Produce and sell products in multiple countries

62
Q

Advantages to TNCs 3

A

Create jobs with reliable income
Spend money to improve infrastructure
New technology is brought to poorer countries

63
Q

Disadvantages to TNCs 3

A

Low wages and bad working conditions
Profits go back to the ACs the TNCs are based in
Jobs aren’t secure

Geography (30 decks)

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