6) Dynamic development Flashcards
What is economic development?
Progress in economic growth
What is social development?
Improvements to people’s standard of living
What is environmental development?
Advances in management and protection of the environment
What is GDP?
The total value of goods and services a country produces per year
What is GDP per capita?
GDP divided by population
what is GNI?
Gross National Income- the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including income from overseas
What is GNI per capita?
GNI divided by population
What is birth rate?
Th number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year
What is the death rate?
The number of deaths per thousand per year
What is life expectancy?
The average age a person can expect to live to
What is infant mortality rate?
The number of deaths of children under 1 per thousand babies born
What is literacy rate?
The percentage of adults who can read and write
What is HDI?
Human Development Index
A number calculated using life expectancy, education level and income
what is the happy index?
Dividing a country’s life expectancy, well being and inequality by its environmental impact
What does lots of wealth, good health and education indicate?
A developed country
Characteristics of LIDCs 4
Low GNI
Low standard of living
Economy based on primary industry
Low exports
Characteristics of ACs 4
High GNI
High standard of living
Economy based on tertiary and quaternary industries
Lots of money to spend on development
Characteristics of EDCs 3
Getting richer
Economy moves from primary to secondary industry
Exports and increasing wages mean there is more money to spend on development
4 physical factors affecting development
Climate
Natural resources
Location
Natural hazards
How can climate impact development? 3
A poor climate means that not much food can be produced. Malnutrition leads to a poor quality of life
People can’t sell crops to make money and spend on services which would aid their quality of life
Government gets less money from taxes = less spent on development
How can natural resources impact development?
No resources to sell = no money made
This means they have less money to spend on development
How can location impact development? 2
In landlocked countries, it can be hard to import or export resources
This means its hard to make money and goods which could aid development can’t be accessed
How can natural disasters impact development?
Lots of money is spent rebuilding the country after they occur
8 human factors affecting development
Conflict Debt Politics Trade Education Tourism Healthcare Aid
How can conflict impact development?
Money is spent on weapons and rebuilding the country, not on development
How can debt impact development?
If countries borrow money, it has to be paid back with interest = less money for development
How can politics impact development? 2
Corrupt governments can take money for themselves that would have otherwise have been used for development or stop a fair election from happening
If a government is unstable other countries won’t invest
How can trade impact development? 3
A trade deficit means a country has little money coming in so it is poorer
If a country has poor trade links, it won’t make money for development
Exporting primary goods has a lower value than manufactured ones
What is a trade surplus?
Exports of a greater value than imports
What is a trade deficit?
Imports at a greater value than exports
How can education impact development? 2
Education = a skilled workforce which means the country can produce more goods and services
Educated people =higher salary = more taxes for development
How can healthcare impact development? 2
Lack of healthcare means many people die from diseases like cholera
If they’re ill, they can’t work and aren’t contributing to the economy
How can aid impact development? 2
Aid can benefit countries by helping them develop faster, e.g. by building wells
But if a country is reliant on aid, it might prevent them creating trade links to get out of poverty
How can tourism impact development?
Tourism = increased income for development
What does Rostow’s model predict?
How a country’s level of economic development will change over time
What are the 5 stages on the Rostow Model?
Traditional society Preconditions for take off Take off Drive to maturity Mass consumption
What are the characteristics of a country at stage 1 on the Rostow Model? 3
Subsistence based
Little trade
Farming, forestry and fishing
What are the characteristics of a country at stage 2 on the Rostow Model? 3
Manufacturing starts to develop
Infrastructure is built
International trading begins
What are the characteristics of a country at stage 3 on the Rostow Model? 3
Rapid growth
Increasing wealth
Industrialisation
What are the characteristics of a country at stage 4 on the Rostow Model? 3
People get wealthier
Standards of living rise
Widespread use of technology
What are the characteristics of a country at stage 5 on the Rostow Model? 3
Lots of trade
Goods are mass produced
High levels of consumption
What are the MDGs?
Millennium Development Goals
They aim to improve lives in LIDCs
What are the 8 goals?
Halve people in poverty Widespread primary education Increase women's rights Reduce death rates in children Reduce death rates caused by pregnancy and childbirth Stop spread of major diseases Protect environment Ensure countries work together to help LIDCs develop
What is top down aid?
Government receives money and decides on how to spend it
Advantages of top down aid 2
Often used for large scale projects
Solve large scale problems and help with long term development by solving economic problems
Disadvantages of top down aid 3
May have to repay money
May not benefit everyone
Corrupt governments use money for personal gain
What is bottom up aid?
Money given directly to locals
Advantages of bottom up aid 2
Local people decide how to spend money
Projects often employ locals so they learn new skills
Disadvantages of bottom up aid 2
Don’t benefit everyone
Different organisations may not work together
What is short term aid
Aid sent to countries to help with emergencies
Advantages of short term aid 2
Gives immediate relief
Money allocated for development doesn’t have to be spent on this
Disadvantages of short term aid 2
Doesn’t help with long term recovery, like rebuilding infrastructure
Food aid may impact income of farmers
What is long term aid?
Aid given over a long period of time to aid development
Advantages of long term aid 3
Most projects are sustainable
Can improve lives long term
May help build trade links between countries
Disadvantages oF long term aid 2
Recipient country dependent on aid
Often tied - must spend on imports from donor country
What is debt relief?
A country doesn’t have to pay money back
Advantages of debt relief 2
Frees up money to be spent on development
Donor countries can specify how money should be spent
Disadvantages of debt relief 2
Donor countries may be reluctant to help corrupt governments
Imposing conditions means money isn’t spent where it is needed
How does trade help a country to develop? 2
Creating jobs and bringing money to country
Increasing money a country has to spend on development
Problems with relying on trade for development 4
Some LIDCs can’t afford technology to produce goods efficiently
LIDCs dependent on trade of one product. If demand falls, their income decreases
Primary products aren’t profitable
Low wages and working conditions for people
What are trans national companies?
Produce and sell products in multiple countries
Advantages to TNCs 3
Create jobs with reliable income
Spend money to improve infrastructure
New technology is brought to poorer countries
Disadvantages to TNCs 3
Low wages and bad working conditions
Profits go back to the ACs the TNCs are based in
Jobs aren’t secure
