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Geography > 3) Distinctive Landscapes - Also See Book > Flashcards

3) Distinctive Landscapes - Also See Book Flashcards

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1
Q

How are waterfalls formed?

A

River flows over soft and hard rock
Soft rock erodes more quickly
Undercuts leaving overhang

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2
Q

How are gorges formed?

A

In a waterfall, the overhand drops into the plunge pool, so the waterfall retreats
This valley is a gorge

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3
Q

How is a V shaped valley formed?

A

The rivers flow down and erode the landscape
This creates a deep notch
Lateral erosion deepens the sides and bottom
= V shaped valley

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4
Q

How is a flood plain formed?

A

Formed by deposition of materials

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5
Q

How are levees formed?

A

A build up of alluvium on river bank

Raises bank

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6
Q

How is a meander formed?

A

Water erodes laterally to form meanders

The erosion deepens the meander on the outside and deposition is on the inside

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7
Q

How is an oxbow lake formed?

A

From a meander- the neck gets tighter and breaks
The water takes the shortest route
As there is no water in the oxbow lake, it will eventually dry up

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8
Q

what are the four groups of characteristics that make a landscape?

A

biological
physical
variables
human

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9
Q

what does periglacial mean?

A

located on the margin of past glaciers

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10
Q

where are the upland areas in the UK? Give an exampe

A 
along west side
north-west highlands
southern uplands
cumbrian mountains
brecon beacons
(scotland and wales)
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11
Q

where are the lowland areas of the UK? give an example

A 
scottish islands
along east side
the Fens
Flemborough Head
Isle of Man
(england)
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12
Q

what is superficial rock?

A

surface rock

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13
Q

what is bedrock?

A

the solid rock underlying superficial rock

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14
Q

what is weathering?

A

the breakdown of rocks in situ

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15
Q

what does in situ mean

A

stationary

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16
Q

process of chemical weathering?

A

acidic rain falls onto rock
acid slowly eats into rock and softens it
these cracks get deeper and deeper
the rock crumbles at surface

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17
Q

example of rock severely affected by chemical weathering?

A

limestone

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18
Q

process of freeze thaw weathering

A

water gets into a crack and freezes
as water turns to ice, it expands
it forces crack to widen
rock cracks

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19
Q

process of biological weathering

A

seed falls into rock
seeds starts to grow roots
roots force rock to widen and crack

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20
Q

process of onion skin weathering

A

when rock is hard, the outer layer expands
when rock gets cooler, it contracts
this constant movement causes outer layer to break off

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21
Q

how is a limestone pavement formed?

A

weak acidic rain reacts with limestone and breaks it away

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22
Q

what is a clint in a limestone pavement

A

a large block of rock

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23
Q

what is a gryke in a limestone pavement

A

the gaps between clint

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24
Q

what forms a scree slope

A

when loose debris settles at the bottom of a slope

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25
Q

how does a soft bedrock influence the location?

A

slumped

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26
Q

what is slumping?

A

when rock and soil slide downhill in layers

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27
Q

what does saturated mean

A

when the soil is so wet it can’t hold anymore soil

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28
Q

what does impermeable mean

A

rocks that don’t allow water to pass through them

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29
Q

what does undercut mean?

A

the base of a cliff has been eroded so isn’t supporting the land above

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30
Q

what is weathering?

A

the effect the weather has on the landscape

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31
Q

what is mass movement

A

movement of surface material caused by rockfalls or landslides

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32
Q

what is a rotational slip?

A

a landslide when the floor is curved

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33
Q

process of slumping

A

soft rock absorbs water
it becomes saturated so cant hold anymore
water acts as a lubricant between rock layers so they slip off

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34
Q

what is the load?

A

the material carried by a river

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35
Q

what is erosion?

A

the breakdown and movement of rock

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36
Q

what is hydraulic action?

A

when air forces into cracks by pounding waves forces them to break apart and collapse

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37
Q

what is attrition

A

when small rock fragments erode a surface

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38
Q

what us corrosion (abrasion)

A

when rock fragments wear away the river walls and bed

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39
Q

what is corrosion (solution)

A

when the chemicals in the water wear away the rock of the river bed

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40
Q

name four factors that affect the rate of erosion

A

gradient of river bed
rock type
bedload
human factors

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41
Q

how does gradient affect the rate of erosion?

A

the steeper the river bed, the more energy the particles have so the faster they move

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42
Q

how does rock type affect rate of erosion?

A

weaker, softer rocks will erode faster

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43
Q

how does bedlam affect rate of erosion?

A

the more bedload, the faster the erosion

44
Q

how do human factors affect rate of erosion?

A

changing the landscape will change the time taken for water to get to a river, changing the volume

45
Q

what is traction

A

when large boulders roll along and erode river bed

46
Q

why does the bedlam of a river decrease the closer it gets to the sea?

A

some of it will have been deposited already through meanders etc

47
Q

what are the three processes of movement in the river

A

erosion - transportation - deposition

48
Q

what is saltation?

A

when the bedlam is bounced along the river bed

49
Q

what is suspension?

A

small particles are carried in the water

50
Q

what is solution?

A

minerals are dissolved and carried in water

51
Q

the 6 stages of a geographical enquiry

A 
planning stage
data collection
data presentation
data analysis
conclusion
evaluation
52
Q

what is discharge of a river

A

the volume of water passing through the cross section of a stream in a set time

53
Q

what is the occupied channel width?

A

the distance of the channel measured at the water surface

54
Q

what is the channel depth?

A

the height from the water surface to river bed

55
Q

what is the average velocity

A

the speed the river is travelling in m/s

56
Q

what is the load quantity

A

the total mass carried by a river

57
Q

what is the load particle size

A

the way in which the reload changes in size

58
Q

what is the channel bed roughness

A

the resistance offered by the riverbed

59
Q

what is the gradient?

A

the slope of the river channel

60
Q

how does discharge change as you go downstream?

A

increases

61
Q

how does occupied channel width change as you go downstream?

A

increases

62
Q

how does channel depth change as you go downstream?

A

increases

63
Q

how does velocity change as you go downstream?

A

increases

64
Q

how does load quantity change as you go downstream?

A

increaess

65
Q

how does particle size change as you go downstream?

A

decreases

66
Q

how does channel bed roughness change as you go downstream?

A

decreases

67
Q

how does gradient change as you go downstream?

A

decreases

68
Q

how to measure channel width?

A

use a tape measure stretched across the water surface

69
Q

how to measure channel depth

A

use a metre ruler or pole and measure at regular intervals

70
Q

how to measure velocity

A

tie how long it takes a floating object to travel a set distance

71
Q

how to measure load size

A

grab first pebbles touched

measure length and width in each location

72
Q

limitations of measuring channel depth

A

strong current can affect result

debris in way

73
Q

limitations of measuring velocity

A

must be visible at all times

people could interfere

74
Q

limitations of measuring channel width

A

could dip under water

75
Q

limitations of measuring particle size

A

different peoples opinions on what is small and big

76
Q

where is the current of a river fastest?

A

on the outside of the bend

77
Q

where does lateral erosion occur?

A

on the outside of a bend

78
Q

where is river slowest?

A

inside of bend

79
Q

where does deposition occur?

A

inside of bend

80
Q

how does a meander turn into an oxbow lake?

A

erosion narrows neck

river takes path of least resistance

81
Q

what are floodplains?

A

the area of land over which water spreads when a river floods

82
Q

where are the larger pieces of rocks deposited when a river floods and why?

A

closer because they are heavier

83
Q

what are the two components that floodplains are covered with?

A

alluvium and silt

84
Q

what is the hard rock found at high force called?

A

whinstone

85
Q

what is the waterfall we are studying called?

A

high force

86
Q

what is the name of the town in a meander?

A

Yarm

87
Q

what two features can we see at high force?

A

waterfall and gorge

88
Q

how was high force formed?

A

the water flowed over the hard whinstone and off the edge
hydraulic action eroded the softer rock beneath it
the whinstone collapses and the waterfall retreats, forming a gorge

89
Q

what is hard engineering?

A

putting in man made structures

90
Q

what is soft engineering?

A

more natural structures

91
Q

what does the size of a wave depend on? (3)

A

the strength of the wind
length of time that the wind blows
the distance that the wind has to cross

92
Q

what is swash?

A

the water that runs up a beach

93
Q

what is backwash

A

the water that recedes back down a beach

94
Q

how is a cave formed?

A

the sea attacks a wave cut notch to make it bigger into a cave

95
Q

how is an arch formed?

A

the cave is continually eroded until it cuts straight through the rock

96
Q

how is a stack formed?

A

the roof of the arch is undercut until it collapses

97
Q

how is a stump formed?

A

a stack is eroded further so it gets smaller

98
Q

how is a headland formed?

A

the softer rock of the bays has been eroded so the more resistant rock of the headland sticks out

99
Q

how are beaches formed?

A

by constructive waves depositing sediment

100
Q

how is a bay formed?

A

the soft material is easily eroded so it retreats

101
Q

what is a concordant coastline?

A

made of one type of rock

102
Q

what is a discordant coastline?

A

made of multiple types of rock

103
Q

how is a levee formed?

A

when a river floods, it deposits the heavier material net to the banks, forming levees

104
Q

where are the glaciated areas of the UK?

A 
grampian mountains
north west highlands
loch lomond
lake district
snowdonia
105
Q

how are spits formed?

A

longshore drift by constructive waves

106
Q

how does geology make a landscape distinctive?

A

the harder rock isn’t easily eroded so leaves jagged peaks

Geography (30 decks)

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