5) Urban Futures Flashcards
what is a conurbation?
where two or more urban areas have joined together as they have grown
what is the function of a place?
what a settlement did or still does (e.g. defence)
characteristics of an urban area (5)
closely packed buildings high crime rates ethnically diverse population large younger population high land value
characteristics of a rural area (4)
lots of people employed in primary industries
large elderly population
larger houses
closer communities
where do most people live? (u or r)
urban areas
characteristics of a megacity
must have a population of over 10 million
name 5 megacities
London Tokyo Mexico City Shanghai Dhaka
what is the largest city on earth?
Tokyo
characteristics of Dhaka (5)
12 million people 0.5 million immigrants every year buildings are cheaper 4 million in slums up to 9 people per house
how many people live in Dhaka?
12 million
how many immigrants go to Dhaka each year?
0.5 million
how many people live in slums in Dhaka?
4 million
up to how many people live in a house in Dhaka?
9
characteristics of Shanghai (5)
fastest growing city 7,000 billionaires movement from rural areas most money in entertainment industry 10,000 buildings over 8 storeys high
how many billionaires are there in Shanghai
7,000
how many buildings are there in Shanghai over 8 storeys high?
10,000
where is the most money made in Shanghai?
entertainment industry
what are push factors?
things that make people want to leave an area (the countryside)
what are pull factors?
Things that make people want to move to an area (The city)
how has internal growth lead to urbanisation
when people arrive in the city and feel safe, they have children
these children grow up with fresh ideas
what is internal growth?
the birth rate
difference between internal growth and urbanisation in AC and LIDC
In AC, have a large elderly population = less internal growth
In LIDC, have large youthful population = more internal growth
push factors from the countryside in LIDC (5)
war and conflict natural disasters water shortages lack of access to healthcare food shortages
pull factors to a city in LIDC (5)
better living conditions higher wages local family ties better education more employment opportunities
how has rural-urban migration impacted on internal growth?
people in cities have better conditions for their children to grow up in so are more likely to start a family = more internal growth in city
basic services slums lack (4)
clean water supply
reliable sewage system
sanitation and healthcare
reliable electricity
what is suburbanisation?
the outward growth of urban development which may engulf surrounding smaller areas
what is deindustrialisation
factories closing down
what is re-urbanisation
the movement of people back into urban centres
what is social deprivation
when someone lacks services, housing, income or employment
what does derelict mean
when land becomes run down and abandoned
what are low order goods
goods that people buy every day
what are high order goods
goods that people buy less frequently
what is the threshold population
the minimum amount of people required for a service
what is the sphere of influence
the distance that people will travel to go to access a service
what is urban greening
process of increasing open areas in urban areas
what is a green belt
the area of countryside around a city with strict rules not to build there
what is a brownfield site?
land that has been used , abandoned and now awaits reuse
what is a greenfield site
a plot of land that hasn’t been used before
what is homogenisation
the process of people, places and products becoming the same
what is a dormitory village
a smaller town that people live in and from there travel to work in a city
what are arterial routes?
high capacity urban roads
what is the rural-urban fringe?
a zone of transition between a built up area and the countryside
what is the transition zone
the area between the busy city and residential suburbs
what is decentralisation
the movement of people and businesses away from the busy business centres of cities
what is urban sprawl
unplanned growth of urban areas into surrounding areas
what are suburbs
the areas near the edge of urban areas
what is counterurbanisation
the movement of people from urban areas to surrounding rural ones
pull factors of counter urbanisation (3)
bigger houses
rural dream
jobs
social consequences of counter urbanisation
shops close because no customers
increasing rural house prices
can lead to ageing population in the rural areas
management of counter urbanisation (4)
favourable tax terms for local shops so they stay in business
shared ownership to make houses more affordable
park and ride schemes
improvement in health and transport in rural areas
what is the urban doughnut effect?
the decline of city centres and growth of suburbs
what is gentrification?
renovation of urban areas by wealthy residents
aims of the bristol harbourside project (3)
overcoming inequality
more jobs
attract investment
four reasons why suburbanisation has been largely replaced by urbanisation
gentrification
greenbelts
improved services
cities are quieter
when did urbanisation happen in ACs?
happened many years ago during Industrial Revolution
rate of urban growth in Acs and why
very slow (better life in countryside) advances in technology mean people dont have to be in city centre for work etc
rates of urbanisation in LIDcs
very fast
how many megacities were there in 1950 and where were they?
2
Tokyo and NYC (ACs)
how many megacities were there in 2014 and where were they>
28
most are in LIDCs
how many world cities were there in 1950
4 (all Acs)
where are world cities now?
more widespread into LIDCs
what is urbanisation caused by? (2)
rural-urban migration and internal growth
push factors from rural in LIDCs (3)
natural disasters
droughts
conflict
pull factors to urban in LIDcs (4)
more jobs
better education
family
better way of life
why is urbanisation so big in LIDCs
large population
very unurbanised - vast room for improvement
economic problems of urbanisation in LIDCs (2)
not enough jobs - unemployment
may not have access to education for a better life
social problems of urbanisation in LIDCs (3)
housing shortages
not enough basic services as cant be built fast enough
crime
environmental problems of urbanisation in LIDCs (4)
sewage can gewaste disposal services, sewage systems cant cover everywhere
litter harms environment
sewage can get in rivers
lots of cars - greenhouse gases
where is suburbanisation happening?
ACs
push factors for suburbanisation (4)
overcrowded
new houses
employment
crime in city centre
pull factors for suburbanisation (3)
less people
improved public transport
cheaper houses
economic consequences of suburbanisation (2)
city centres struggle for customers
unemployment in centres
social consequences of suburbanisation (2)
city centre becomes derelict
ethnic segregation - wealthy in suburbs and immigrants in centre
environmental consequences of suburbanisation (2)
housing estates built on countryside
increased greenhouse gases as people have to drive to work
economic consequences of counter urbanisation (2)
businesses in rural areas see increase in customers
farmers can sell unwanted land to new residents
environmental consequences of counter urbanisation (2)
most people in rural areas will own a car to travel to work
new housing estates effect habitats
economic consequences of reurbanisation (2)
new shops open, boosting economy
tourism in city may increase if improvements are made
environmental consequences of reurbanisation (1)
redeveloping brownfield sites rather than greenfield sites protects environment
social consequences of reurbanisation (4)
jobs are created
schools benefit from new pupils
tension between new and old
new shops and services
