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Geography > 5) Urban Futures > Flashcards

5) Urban Futures Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a conurbation?

A

where two or more urban areas have joined together as they have grown

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2
Q

what is the function of a place?

A

what a settlement did or still does (e.g. defence)

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3
Q

characteristics of an urban area (5)

A 
closely packed buildings
high crime rates
ethnically diverse population
large younger population 
high land value
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4
Q

characteristics of a rural area (4)

A

lots of people employed in primary industries
large elderly population
larger houses
closer communities

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5
Q

where do most people live? (u or r)

A

urban areas

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6
Q

characteristics of a megacity

A

must have a population of over 10 million

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7
Q

name 5 megacities

A 
London
Tokyo
Mexico City
Shanghai
Dhaka
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8
Q

what is the largest city on earth?

A

Tokyo

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9
Q

characteristics of Dhaka (5)

A 
12 million people
0.5 million immigrants every year
buildings are cheaper
4 million in slums
up to 9 people per house
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10
Q

how many people live in Dhaka?

A

12 million

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11
Q

how many immigrants go to Dhaka each year?

A

0.5 million

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12
Q

how many people live in slums in Dhaka?

A

4 million

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13
Q

up to how many people live in a house in Dhaka?

A

9

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14
Q

characteristics of Shanghai (5)

A 
fastest growing city
7,000 billionaires
movement from rural areas
most money in entertainment industry
10,000 buildings over 8 storeys high
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15
Q

how many billionaires are there in Shanghai

A

7,000

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16
Q

how many buildings are there in Shanghai over 8 storeys high?

A

10,000

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17
Q

where is the most money made in Shanghai?

A

entertainment industry

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18
Q

what are push factors?

A

things that make people want to leave an area (the countryside)

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19
Q

what are pull factors?

A

Things that make people want to move to an area (The city)

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20
Q

how has internal growth lead to urbanisation

A

when people arrive in the city and feel safe, they have children
these children grow up with fresh ideas

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21
Q

what is internal growth?

A

the birth rate

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22
Q

difference between internal growth and urbanisation in AC and LIDC

A

In AC, have a large elderly population = less internal growth
In LIDC, have large youthful population = more internal growth

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23
Q

push factors from the countryside in LIDC (5)

A 
war and conflict
natural disasters
water shortages
lack of access to healthcare
food shortages
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24
Q

pull factors to a city in LIDC (5)

A 
better living conditions
higher wages
local family ties
better education
more employment opportunities
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25
Q

how has rural-urban migration impacted on internal growth?

A

people in cities have better conditions for their children to grow up in so are more likely to start a family = more internal growth in city

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26
Q

basic services slums lack (4)

A

clean water supply
reliable sewage system
sanitation and healthcare
reliable electricity

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27
Q

what is suburbanisation?

A

the outward growth of urban development which may engulf surrounding smaller areas

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28
Q

what is deindustrialisation

A

factories closing down

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29
Q

what is re-urbanisation

A

the movement of people back into urban centres

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30
Q

what is social deprivation

A

when someone lacks services, housing, income or employment

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31
Q

what does derelict mean

A

when land becomes run down and abandoned

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32
Q

what are low order goods

A

goods that people buy every day

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33
Q

what are high order goods

A

goods that people buy less frequently

34
Q

what is the threshold population

A

the minimum amount of people required for a service

35
Q

what is the sphere of influence

A

the distance that people will travel to go to access a service

36
Q

what is urban greening

A

process of increasing open areas in urban areas

37
Q

what is a green belt

A

the area of countryside around a city with strict rules not to build there

38
Q

what is a brownfield site?

A

land that has been used , abandoned and now awaits reuse

39
Q

what is a greenfield site

A

a plot of land that hasn’t been used before

40
Q

what is homogenisation

A

the process of people, places and products becoming the same

41
Q

what is a dormitory village

A

a smaller town that people live in and from there travel to work in a city

42
Q

what are arterial routes?

A

high capacity urban roads

43
Q

what is the rural-urban fringe?

A

a zone of transition between a built up area and the countryside

44
Q

what is the transition zone

A

the area between the busy city and residential suburbs

45
Q

what is decentralisation

A

the movement of people and businesses away from the busy business centres of cities

46
Q

what is urban sprawl

A

unplanned growth of urban areas into surrounding areas

47
Q

what are suburbs

A

the areas near the edge of urban areas

48
Q

what is counterurbanisation

A

the movement of people from urban areas to surrounding rural ones

49
Q

pull factors of counter urbanisation (3)

A

bigger houses
rural dream
jobs

50
Q

social consequences of counter urbanisation

A

shops close because no customers
increasing rural house prices
can lead to ageing population in the rural areas

51
Q

management of counter urbanisation (4)

A

favourable tax terms for local shops so they stay in business
shared ownership to make houses more affordable
park and ride schemes
improvement in health and transport in rural areas

52
Q

what is the urban doughnut effect?

A

the decline of city centres and growth of suburbs

53
Q

what is gentrification?

A

renovation of urban areas by wealthy residents

54
Q

aims of the bristol harbourside project (3)

A

overcoming inequality
more jobs
attract investment

55
Q

four reasons why suburbanisation has been largely replaced by urbanisation

A

gentrification
greenbelts
improved services
cities are quieter

56
Q

when did urbanisation happen in ACs?

A

happened many years ago during Industrial Revolution

57
Q

rate of urban growth in Acs and why

A 
very slow (better life in countryside)
advances in technology mean people dont have to be in city centre for work etc
58
Q

rates of urbanisation in LIDcs

A

very fast

59
Q

how many megacities were there in 1950 and where were they?

A

2

Tokyo and NYC (ACs)

60
Q

how many megacities were there in 2014 and where were they>

A

28

most are in LIDCs

61
Q

how many world cities were there in 1950

A

4 (all Acs)

62
Q

where are world cities now?

A

more widespread into LIDCs

63
Q

what is urbanisation caused by? (2)

A

rural-urban migration and internal growth

64
Q

push factors from rural in LIDCs (3)

A

natural disasters
droughts
conflict

65
Q

pull factors to urban in LIDcs (4)

A

more jobs
better education
family
better way of life

66
Q

why is urbanisation so big in LIDCs

A

large population

very unurbanised - vast room for improvement

67
Q

economic problems of urbanisation in LIDCs (2)

A

not enough jobs - unemployment

may not have access to education for a better life

68
Q

social problems of urbanisation in LIDCs (3)

A

housing shortages
not enough basic services as cant be built fast enough
crime

69
Q

environmental problems of urbanisation in LIDCs (4)

A

sewage can gewaste disposal services, sewage systems cant cover everywhere
litter harms environment
sewage can get in rivers
lots of cars - greenhouse gases

70
Q

where is suburbanisation happening?

A

ACs

71
Q

push factors for suburbanisation (4)

A

overcrowded
new houses
employment
crime in city centre

72
Q

pull factors for suburbanisation (3)

A

less people
improved public transport
cheaper houses

73
Q

economic consequences of suburbanisation (2)

A

city centres struggle for customers

unemployment in centres

74
Q

social consequences of suburbanisation (2)

A

city centre becomes derelict

ethnic segregation - wealthy in suburbs and immigrants in centre

75
Q

environmental consequences of suburbanisation (2)

A

housing estates built on countryside

increased greenhouse gases as people have to drive to work

76
Q

economic consequences of counter urbanisation (2)

A

businesses in rural areas see increase in customers

farmers can sell unwanted land to new residents

77
Q

environmental consequences of counter urbanisation (2)

A

most people in rural areas will own a car to travel to work

new housing estates effect habitats

78
Q

economic consequences of reurbanisation (2)

A

new shops open, boosting economy

tourism in city may increase if improvements are made

79
Q

environmental consequences of reurbanisation (1)

A

redeveloping brownfield sites rather than greenfield sites protects environment

80
Q

social consequences of reurbanisation (4)

A

jobs are created
schools benefit from new pupils
tension between new and old
new shops and services

Geography (30 decks)

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