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Geography > 4) Sustaining Ecosystems - TRF > Flashcards

4) Sustaining Ecosystems - TRF Flashcards

1
Q

what does abiotic mean?

A

non living parts of an ecosystem

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2
Q

what does biotic mean

A

living parts of an ecosystem

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3
Q

what is a biome

A

a large scale ecosystem

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4
Q

what is a carnivore

A

something that eats meat

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5
Q

what are the circumpolar winds

A

winds that blow around the poles to move cold air

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6
Q

what is the continental shelf

A

shallow seas around the edges of continents

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7
Q

what is deforestation

A

the removal of trees to use the land for something else

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8
Q

what is fauna

A

animal life

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9
Q

what is flora

A

plant life

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10
Q

what is herbivore

A

eats plants and vegetation

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11
Q

what is interdependence

A

when things rely on each other

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12
Q

what is an omnivore

A

eats plants and meats

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13
Q

what does temperate mean

A

not to hot, not too cold climate

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14
Q

what is tundra?

A

an area that is frozen most of the year but defrosts for some

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15
Q

what is an ecosystem

A

a unit that includes all the biotic and abiotic parts in an area

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16
Q

what are the three classifications of organisms in an ecosystem

A

producer, consumer, decomposer

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17
Q

what is a producer

A

something that uses sun energy to produce food

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18
Q

what is a consumer

A

an organism that gets energy from eating others

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19
Q

what is a decomposer

A

gets energy from breaking down materials

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20
Q

what does a food chain show

A

who eats what

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21
Q

what does a food web show

A

how different food webs interact

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22
Q

what are the 6 ecosystems

A 
coral reefs
grassland 
tropical rainforest
desert
polar
temperate forest
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23
Q

where are coral reefs found

A

between 30 degrees north and south of equator

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24
Q

where is grassland found

A

between the tropics

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25
Q

what are the two types of grassland

A

temperate and tropical

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26
Q

where are temperate forests found

A

mid latitudes

between tropics and polar region

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27
Q

where are polar regions found

A

north and south pole

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28
Q

where is hot desert found

A

between 15 and 35 degrees north and south of equator

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29
Q

where are TRFs found

A

around equator, between tropics

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30
Q

what are the two tropics

A

cancer and capricorn

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31
Q

climate of polar regions (rain, temp, seasons)

A 
very cold, usually less than 10 degrees
low rainfall (<500mm)
clearly defined seasons
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32
Q

animals in polar regions

A

relatively few

polar bears, penguins etc

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33
Q

plants in polar region

A

very few plants

grow slowly and small

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34
Q

climate in hot deserts (rain and temp)

A

very little rain

extreme temperatures - hot and cold

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35
Q

plants in hot deserts

A

sparse

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36
Q

adaptation of plants in desert

A

very long roots to reach water

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37
Q

animals in desert

A

tend to be small
adapted to overcome extreme temps
lizards, snakes, scorpions

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38
Q

climate of tropical grassland

A

low rainfall
distinct seasons
moderate temp

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39
Q

climate of temperate grassland

A

extreme temps

not much rainfall

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40
Q

plants in tropical grassland

A

consist mostly of shrubs and small plants

adapted to cope with not much rain

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41
Q

plants in temperate grassland

A

mainly grasses and small plants

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42
Q

animals in tropical grassland

A

lots of insects

grasshoppers, termites, beetles

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43
Q

animals in temperate grassland

A

not very many

bison and wild horses

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44
Q

conditions for coral reef

A

warm, lots of light , shallow, salty water

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45
Q

plants in coral reef

A

few - grow underwater

algae

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46
Q

animals in coral reefs

A

25% of marine species live there

fish, turtles, shrimp

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47
Q

climate of temperate forests

A

distinct seasons
very high rainfall
warm summers, cold winters

48
Q

animals in temperate forests

A

support lots of mammals, birds and insects

foxes, cuckoos, moths

49
Q

plants in temperate forests

A

lots of trees

oaks, brambles, bluebells

50
Q

what are coniferous trees

A

evergreen leaves

absorb sunlight all year round

51
Q

what are deciduous trees

A

drop leaves in autumn

52
Q

climate in TRF

A

hot and wet

no distinct seasons

53
Q

plants in TRF

A

mostly evergreens
dense cover of vegetation
four distinct layers
orchids, ferns

54
Q

animals in TRF

A

more animals than any other ecosystem
many are camouflaged or nocturnal
jaguar, sloths, snakes

55
Q

why are animals nocturnal?

A

to save energy from hot weather to when it is cool at night

56
Q

what are the four layers in the TRF

A

emergents
canopy
understory
forest floor

57
Q

what is biomass

A

the mass of living organisms in an area

58
Q

what is the water cycle in a trf

A 
heavy daily rainfall 
trees intercept rain 
some rain reaches ground 
trees take up water 
water evaporates from trees via transpiration
59
Q

what is transpiration

A

how trees lose water through pores

60
Q

why are evaporation rates so high in TRF

A

sun is usually overhead so its normally hot

61
Q

why is there always such high rainfall

A

the high evaporation rates mean theres lots of water vapour

62
Q

why is the soil red?

A

minerals like iron

63
Q

nutrients cycle in TRF

A 
trees grow rapidly 
they shed leaves all year round 
the leaves decay and decompose into soil 
nutrients enters soil
shallow roots take up nutrients
64
Q

what is interception

A

when the leaves of trees catch rain and it doesnt reach forest floor

65
Q

what is convectional rainfall

A

when rainforests heat up so water evaporates and forms clouds for the next day

66
Q

what is evapotranspiration

A

when trees lose water through pores and it evaporates

67
Q

what is leaching

A

when nutrients are washed away from soil

68
Q

what is surface run off

A

when excess water flows over soil

69
Q

where is there the most nutrients in the TRF

70
Q

what are the three main components of TRF

A

biomass
soil
litter

71
Q

why is the soil in the trf so low in nutrients

A

it is quickly taken up by plants etc

72
Q

how do plants rely on weather

A

warm and wet climate means they can grow quickly

73
Q

how do plants rely on soil

A

holds roots stable

nutrients

74
Q

goods provided by rainforest (4)

A

medicine
food
wood
rubber

75
Q

services provided by rainforest (4)

A

lungs of planet
maintain water cycle
habitats
carbon sink

76
Q

impact of logging on TRF(2)

A

the soil gets washed away cos no roots to hold together

interrupted water cycle

77
Q

impact of agriculture on trf (3)

A

burning vegetation = more co2
no trees = more water reaching soil
nutrients washed away

78
Q

impact of mineral extraction on trf (3)

A

often requires heavy machinery and removal of trees
toxic chemicals used can get washed into river
conflict over land rights

79
Q

impact of tourism on trf (4)

A

scare wildlife
damage vegetation
litter
clearing of vegetation to accommodate needs

80
Q

what is a biosphere reserve

A

an internationally recognised protected area

81
Q

what does a biosphere reserve aim to do

A

combine conservation and sustainable use

82
Q

what is the name of the biosphere reserve in the amazon

A

the Central Amazon Conservation Complex

83
Q

what does the CACC aim to do

A

protect rainforest

promote scientific research and educate people about environment

84
Q

what is ecotourism

A

tourism that minimises damage to environment and benefits locals

85
Q

what is the name of the ecotourism project in the amazon

A

Yachana Lodge

86
Q

what does Yachana Lodge do

A

employs locals
encourages conservation
make tourists pay and use money for conservation

87
Q

what is sustainable forestry

A

balances removal of trees with the conservation of the forest

88
Q

how big is the amazon

A

8 million km 2

89
Q

where is the CACC

90
Q

how big is the CACC

91
Q

where is Yachana Lodge

92
Q

what is the Forest Stewardship Council

A

marks sustainable wood with logo so customers can buy sustainably

93
Q

what is Precious Woods Amazon

A

an organisation that puts limits on logging in Brazil

94
Q

what is Natutama

A

a project that is working with the community to protect river species

95
Q

where is Natutama based

96
Q

what does Natutama do (3)

A

employs locals to teach others
fishermen collect data on species
organise cleaning of rivers

97
Q

what is a cash crop?

A

a crop grown to be sold for a profit

98
Q

what is a microclimate?

A

the climate of a small area

99
Q

what are services?

A

the function an area provides

100
Q

what is slash and burn?

A

vegetation is cut down and burned to clear an area

101
Q

what is the parent rock

A

the upper layers of rock on which the soil forms

102
Q

what is shifting cultivation?

A

moving crops to absorb most nutrients

103
Q

what is biomass?

A

the total mass of plants and animals in an ecosystem

104
Q

what is deforestation?

A

cutting down trees for another purpose

105
Q

what are hunter gatherers?

A

nomadic people who move around copllecting food

106
Q

what is evapo-transpiration?

A

water being transferred from the leaves to the atmosphere by evaporation

107
Q

what is infrstructure?

A

basic structures needed for a society to function

108
Q

what is litter?

A

the total amount of organic matter

109
Q

what is biofuel?

A

a fuel that comes from living matter

110
Q

what is a carbon sink?

A

a natural feature that absorbs carbon from the atmosphere

111
Q

what is convectional rainfall?

A

hot air rises, cools and condenses

112
Q

what is an endemic

A

plants or animals that are unique to an area

113
Q

what is hydroelectric power?

A

energy generated by the rapid movement of water through turbines

114
Q

what are goods?

A

an item that people can source from an ecosystem

115
Q

what is a latosol?

A

a soil found in TRFs with a high concentration of aluminium or iron oxides

Geography (30 decks)

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