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Biology > 5.7-repspspsiration > Flashcards

5.7-repspspsiration Flashcards

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1
Q

what are some biological processes atp drives?

A 
active transport
endocytosis+exocytosis
protein synthesis 
dna replication
cell division
movement eg flagella, cilia, undulipodia
activation of chemicals
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2
Q

what are anabolic reactions?

A

building up

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3
Q

catabolic?

A

breaking down

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4
Q

what is the structure of atp?

A

adenine attached to ribose (adenosine) attached to three phosphates

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5
Q

what is adenosine?

A

adenine and ribose attached

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6
Q

what happens to atp in solution in cells?

A

relatively stable, can be easily moved around

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7
Q

why is atp convenient?

A

a small quantity of energy is released at each stage of hydrolysis-cells can obtain energy they need for process in small amounts that won’t cause damage or be wasteful

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8
Q

why is atp not wasteful?

A

release of heat helps keep living organisms warm

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9
Q

what are the 4 stages of respiration of glucose?

A

glycolysis
link reaction
krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

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10
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

the first stage of respiration; a 10 stage metabolic pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate

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11
Q

what are the 3 main stages of glycolysis?

A

phosphorylation of glucose into hexose biphosphate
splitting each hexose biphosphate into 2 triose phosphates
oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate

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12
Q

what does nad stand for?

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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13
Q

what is nad?

A

non-protein molecule that helps dehydrogenase enzymes carry out oxidation reactions- COENZYME

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14
Q

what does NAD do in glycolysis, the link reaction and the krebs cycle?

A

oxidises substrate molecules

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15
Q

what is NAD synthesised from?

A

nicotinamide
ribose
adenine
2 phosphoryl groups

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16
Q

what is nicotinamide also called?

A

vitamin B3

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17
Q

what can the nicotinamide ring on NAD do?

A

accept 2 Hs, becoming reduced NAD.

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18
Q

what does reduced NAD do?

A

carries the protons and electrons to the cristae of mitochondria + delivers them to be used in oxidative phosphorylation

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19
Q

what needs to happen to glucose before it can be split?

A

it’s stable so its molecules need to be activated

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20
Q

what are the stages of phosphorylation of glucose?

A

1) 1 molecule of atp is hydrolysed + the released phosphoryl group is added to glucose to make hexose monophosphate
2) another atp is hydrolysed and the phosphoryl group is added to make hexose biphosphate.

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21
Q

where do the phosphoryl groups attach to the glucose when it’s getting phosphorylated?

A

carbons 1 and 6

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22
Q

what happens when hexose biphosphate splits?

A

the energy from the hydrolysed atp molecules activates the hexose sugar and prevents it from being transported out the cell, each molecule is split into 2 3C molecules, triose phosphate.

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23
Q

what kind of process is the oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate?

A

anaerobic

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24
Q

what are the stages of the oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate?

A

1) dehydrogenase enzymes, helped by nad, remove hydrogens from triose phosphate.
2) 2 NADs accept Hs and become reduced

25
Q

how many molecules of NAD are reduced for every molecule of glucose undergoing glycolysis?

A

2

26
Q

how many molecules of atp are made for every 2 triose phosphates undergoing excitation?

A

4

27
Q

what are the end products of glycolysis?

A

2 molecules of atp (4 were made but 2 were used to kick start the process)
2 molecules of reduced nad
2 molecules of pyruvate

28
Q

which stages of respiration only take place under aerobic conditions?

A

link reaction
krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

29
Q

what happens to the pyruvate formed in glycolysis under aerobic conditions?

A

actively transported to mitochondria for link reaction

30
Q

what happens to the pyruvate formed in glycolysis under anaerobic conditions?

A

converted in the cytoplasm to lactate or ethanol

31
Q

what happens in the process of turning pyruvate to lactate or ethanol?

A

reduced NAD molecules are reoxidised so glycolysis can continue to run, generating 2 ATPs for every glucose molecule metabolised.

32
Q

what happens in the ethanol fermentation pathway?

A

pyruvate–> ethanal +CO2 (pyruvate decarboxylase)

ethanal +rNAD –> ethanol +NAD (ethanol dehydrogenase)

33
Q

what happens in the lactate fermentation pathway?

A

pyruvate + rNAD–> lactate + NAD (lactate dehydrogenase)

34
Q

what happens to the lactate made in anaerobic conditions?

A

carried to the liver

35
Q

when more o2 is available what happens to the lactate in the liver?

A
  • converted to pyruvate which enters the link reaction

- recycled to glucose and glycogen

36
Q

what would happen if lactate wasn’t removed from the muscle tissues?

A

pH would be lowered, inhibiting action of enzymes involved in glycolysis and muscle contraction

37
Q

for each molecule of glucose, what’s the ATP yield of anaerobic compared to aerobic respiration ?

A

1/15

38
Q

what are haemocytometers?

A

thick slide with bevelled edges and grooves in an H shape.

39
Q

what is a respiratory substrate ?

A

an organic substance that can be oxidised by respiration, releasing energy to make ATP.

40
Q

how are monosaccharides used in respiration?

A

can be changed by isomerase enzymes to glucose

41
Q

what are triglycerides hydrolysed into?

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

42
Q

how is glycerol used in respiration?

A

converted to triose phosphate and respired

43
Q

how are fatty acids used in respiration?

A

converted to acetyl groups and enter krebs cycle

44
Q

how do fatty acids become acetyl groups?

A

1) ATP–> AMP, allowing each fatty acid to combine with coA.
2) fatty acid-coA complex transported into mitochondrial matrix.
3) fatty acid-coA complex broken down into acetyl groups each attached to coA-beta oxidation. the beta oxidation generates rNAD and rFAD.

45
Q

how does a keto acid enter respiration?

A

can become:
pyruvate
acetyl coA
an acid in the krebs cycle like oxaloacetate

46
Q

what’s the order of energy values of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins?

A

lipid
protein
carbohydrate

47
Q

what are cristae?

A

inner highly folded mitochondrial membrane

48
Q

what does the mitochondrial matrix contain?

A

mitochondrial ribosomes+dna

enzymes for link reaction + krebs cycle

49
Q

what is the cofactor of an electron carrier protein?

A

haem group-contains iron ion

50
Q

who uses the ethanol fermentation pathway?

A

fungi

plants

51
Q

who uses the lactate fermentation pathway?

A

mammals

52
Q

what is RQ?

A

Co2 produced/o2 consumed

53
Q

what is the rq of glucose?

A

1

54
Q

what is the rq of fatty acids?

A

0.7

55
Q

what is the rq of amino acids?

A

0.8-0.9

56
Q

what are 5 reasons the theoretical yield of atp is smaller than the actual yield? (long)

A

1) some ATP used to (actively) transport pyruvate
(into the mitochondrion) ;
2) some ATP used to (actively) transport
H(+) from (reduced) NAD formed in glycolysis / into the mitochondrion ;
3) some energy released in ETC is not used to transport H+/is released as heat ;
4) H+ leaking back through inner membrane;
5) not all the, reduced NAD / red NAD / NADH ,
is used to feed into the ETC-rNAD used for other things.

57
Q

why is the lactate fermentation pathway reversible?

A

no atoms lost / other product formed ;

lactate dehydrogenase available to reverse the reaction.

58
Q

why is the ethanol fermentation pathway reversible?

A

carbon dioxide is lost
(de)carboxylase enzyme cannot
reverse the reaction.

Biology (25 decks)

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