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Biology > 5.4-the best one (hormones) > Flashcards

5.4-the best one (hormones) Flashcards

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1
Q

what detects when blood glucose levels are too low?

A

alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans

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2
Q

what is secreted when blood glucose levels are too low?

A

glucagon

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3
Q

where are glucagon receptors located?

A

on hepatocytes

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4
Q

what’s the mechanism of glucagon action?

A

binds to target receptors
stimulates g protein inside membrane
activates adenyl cyclase which converts atp to cAMP
cAMP activates series of enzyme controlled reactions inside cell

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5
Q

what are the effects of glucagon in hepatocytes?

A
  • glycogenolysis
  • more fatty acids used in respiration
  • amino acids and fats converted to additional glucose by gluconeogenesis
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6
Q

what is glycogenolysis?

A

converting glycogen to glucose

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7
Q

what is gluconeogenesis?

A

non carbohydrate sources like amino acids and fats converted into additional glucose

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8
Q

which enzyme does glycogenolysis?

A

phosphorylase A

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9
Q

what is diabetes mellitus?

A

a condition caused by the body no longer being able to control blood glucose levels.

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10
Q

what is type 1 also known as?

A

juvenile onset diabetes

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11
Q

what is type 1?

A

when the body stops producing insulin/enough insulin

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12
Q

causes of type 1?

A

autoimmune disease-body attacking its own beta cells

viral attack

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13
Q

what is type 2?

A

when the body stops responding to insulin or doesn’t make enough of it

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14
Q

what are the type 2 risk factors?

A 
obesity
lack of regular exercise
diet high in sugars, especially refined
afro-carribbean or Asian origin
family history
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15
Q

how might stem cell therapy be used to treat type 1?

A

by using stem cells to grow new islets of Langerhans

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16
Q

what is hyperglycaemia?

A

constant high blood sugar

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17
Q

what is hypoglycaemia?

A

constant low blood sugar

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18
Q

what does the pancreas do when blood glucose levels are too high?

A

releases insulin from beta cells

inhibits glucagon

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19
Q

what does the pancreas do when blood glucose levels are too low?

A

releases glucagon from alpha cells

insulin inhibited

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20
Q

what is glucagon?

A

a hormone released by alpha cells in response to low blood sugar levels. it increases the production of glucose from glycogen.

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21
Q

what is insulin?

A

a hormone released by beta cells in response to high blood sugar levels. it causes the uptake of glucose and its conversion to glycogen.

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22
Q

what is glycogenesis?

A

the conversion of glucose into glycogen for storage.

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23
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

a communication system using hormones as signalling molecules

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24
Q

what are the 2 types of hormone ?

A

protein/peptide

steroid

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25
Q

what are 3 examples of a peptide hormone?

A

adrenaline
insulin
glucagon

26
Q

2 examples of steroid hormone?

A

oestrogen

testosterone

27
Q

do the endocrine glands have ducts?

A

nah

28
Q

what do endocrine glands consist of?

A

groups of cells that manufacture + release hormone directly into blood of associated capillaries

29
Q

what does adenyl cyclase do?

A

converts ATP to cAMP

30
Q

when is a G protein activated ?

A

when the hormone binds to the receptor

31
Q

what does the G protein activate?

A

an effector molecule, usually an enzyme, eg adenyl cyclase, that converts an inactive molecule into the active 2nd messenger

32
Q

what is the adrenal cortex?

A

outer layer of adrenal gland

33
Q

where are adrenal glands found?

A

above kidneys

34
Q

what is the adrenal medulla?

A

inner layer of adrenal gland

35
Q

what are the layers of the adrenal cortex outer to inner?

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

36
Q

what does the zona glomerulosa release?

A

mineralocorticoids eg aldosterone

37
Q

what does the zona fasciculata release?

A

glucocorticoids eg cortisol

38
Q

what does the zona reticularis release?

A

precursor molecules used to make sex hormones

39
Q

what does the adrenal cortex use to produce steroid hormones?

A

cholesterol

40
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

acts on distal tubules and collecting ducts in kidney-increases absorption of Na+ and decreases K+ absorption, increases water retention increasing blood pressure

41
Q

what do mineralocorticoids do?

A

control Na+ and K+ concs in blood-contribute to maintaining blood pressure

42
Q

what do glucocorticoids do?

A

help control metabolism of carbs, fats and proteins in liver

43
Q

in what situation is cortisol released?

A

response to stress or low blood glucose conc

44
Q

what is glucagon?

A

hormone that causes increase in blood glucose conc

45
Q

where is the pancreas located?

A

below stomach

46
Q

what do exocrine glands do?

A

secrete substances into a duct

47
Q

what is a group of exocrine cells in the pancreas clled?

A

acinus, plural acini

48
Q

what are acini grouped together into?

A

small lobules separated by connective tissue

49
Q

where do the cells of the acini secrete the enzymes they synthesise?

A

into the tubule at the centre of the group

50
Q

what do the tubules of the acini join to form?

A

intralobular ducts that eventually combine to make pancreatic duct

51
Q

what odes the pancreatic duct do?

A

carries fluid containing enzymes into 1st part of small intestine (duodenum)

52
Q

what enzymes does the fluid from the pancreatic duct contain?

A

pancreatic amylase
trypsinogen
lipase

53
Q

what is trypsinogen?

A

inactive protease-converted to active form trypsin when enters duodenum

54
Q

what does the pancreatic fluid contain other than enzymes + why?

A

Na2CO3-makes it alkaline to neutralise contents of digestive system that just left acidic stomach

55
Q

what do alpha cells secrete?

A

glucagon

56
Q

what do beta cells secrete?

A

insulin

57
Q

how is type 1 usually treated?

A

insulin injections

58
Q

what are alternatives to insulin injections to treat type 1 diabetes?

A

insulin pump therapy
islet cell transplantation
pancreas transplant

59
Q

what happens during insulin pump therapy?

A

small device constantly pumps insulin at a controlled rate into blood through needle permanently inserted under skin

60
Q

how is type 2 treated?

A

change in lifestyle

Biology (25 decks)

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