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Biology > 3.1-exchange surfaces (the worst) > Flashcards

3.1-exchange surfaces (the worst) Flashcards

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1
Q

What 3 factors affect the need for an exchange system?

A

1) size
2) SA/V ratio
3) level of activity

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2
Q

What are the features of a good exchange surface ?

A

1) large SA- more space for molecules to pass through
2) thin barrier to reduce diffusion distance - must b permeable to substances being exchanged
3) good blood supply - maintains steep concentration gradient so diffusion can occur rapidly

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3
Q

How is the distance gases have to diffuse between blood and lungs ?

A
  • alveolus wall 1 cell thick
  • capillary wall 1 cell thick
  • both walls made of squamous cells (v thin)
  • close contact between capillaries + alveoli walls
  • capillaries narrow> RBCs squeezed against capillary wall >closer to air in alveoli
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4
Q

What happens during inspiration (inhaling) ?

A

diaphragm contracts,moves down, becomes flatter-displaces digestive organs downwards>external intercostal muscles contract to raise ribs>volume of chest cavity increased>pressure on chest cavity drops below atmospheric pressure>air moves into lungs

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5
Q

Oiiiiii it’s gonna be easyyyu but only if u acc make EFFORT cause imagine u DONT

A

If you don’t try you won’t know what you COULDVE DONE

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6
Q

What happens during expiration (exhaling )?

A

Diaphragm relaxes-pushed up by displaced organs under it>external intercostal muscles relax+ribs fall>volume of chest cavity decreases>pressure in lungs increases above atmospheric pressure >air moves out of lungs

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7
Q

What are bronchiole walls mainly made of ?

A

Smooth muscle

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8
Q

What is vital capacity ?

A

Maximum volume of air that can be moved by lungs in 1 breath

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9
Q

What is breathing rate ?

A

No of breaths per minute

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10
Q

What’s oxygen uptake ?

A

Volume of o2 observed by lungs per minute

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11
Q

What’s tidal volume?

A

Volume of air inhaled or exhaled in 1 breath,usually measured at rest

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12
Q

What precautions should b taken when using a spirometer ?

A

1) subject- healthy and free from asthma (yeet)
2) soda lime- fresh +functioning
3) no air leaks in apparatus
4) sterilised mouthpiece
5) water chamber can’t b overfilled

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13
Q

What is residual volume ?

A

Volume of air that remains in lungs (airways+alveoli) even after forced expiration, abt 1.5 dm3

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14
Q

How do you calculate o2 uptake from a spirometer trace ?

A

Gradient of line between 2 troughs of trace

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15
Q

How does size affect the need for an exchange surface ?

A

In smaller +single cells organisms the exchange of substances can take place quickly+ efficiently over the surface via diffusion. If the organism is made of more than 2 layers of cells, this method of exchanging substances is insufficient.

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16
Q

How does level of activity in an organism affect its need for an exchange surface?

A

The more active an organism, the more oxygen+nutrients needed and the more waste products produced. Animals that are warm blooded will need more energy, this uses more nutrients and therefore produces more waste.

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17
Q

When are internal intercostal muscles used?

A

During forced exhalation.

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18
Q

What is smooth muscle ?

A

Involuntary muscle that contracts without conscious thought

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19
Q

What is cartilage ?

A

Form of connective tissue needed for strength and support; strong but flexible.

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20
Q

What cells secrete mucus ?

A

Goblet cells

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21
Q

What are elastic fibres ?

A

Protein fibres that can deform and then recoil to their original size
USE THE WORDS DEFORM AND RECOIL IN THE EXAM

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22
Q

What can you tell from a spirometer trace ?

A

1) no of breaths in a set amount of time
2) tidal volume
3) vital capacity
4) oxygen consumption/uptake
5) compare changes before and after exercise
6) can indicate respiratory problems

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23
Q

What is another word for primary lamellae ?

A

Gill filaments

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24
Q

How many pairs of gills do fish usually have ?

A

5

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25
Q

What are the gills found under ?

A

A bony plate called the operculum

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26
Q

What is the mechanism of ventilation in fish ?

A

1) fish opens mouth which lowers its buccal cavity
2) this increases volume of buccal cavity + decreases pressure
3) water is sucked into buccal cavity
4) fish closes mouth, raising floor of buccal cavity, decreasing volume+increasing pressure.
5) water is forced out of cavity+across gill filaments
6) increased pressure also forces operculum to open so water leaves gills

27
Q

What is the purpose of counter current flow ?

A

To ensure maximal oxygen is absorbed from water by maintaining steep concentration gradient.

28
Q

What are 5 similarities between the adaptations of the gill and the mammalian villus foe exchange ?

A

1) plentiful supply of capillaries
2) high surface area to volume ratio
3) thin walls
4) moist
5) short diffusion pathway

29
Q

How does the heart pump blood towards the head ?

A

Peristalsis

30
Q

What does main flow describe ?

A

The movement of a fluid down a concentration gradient.

31
Q

What causes fluid to leave and then return to the capillary ?

A

The net result of hydrostatic and oncotic pressure.

32
Q

How does oncotic pressure work ?

A

Presence of dissolved solutes in fluids creates oncotic pressure; it has a negative figure value.

33
Q

What cells Are present in plasma ?

A

Erythrocytes, neutrophils, macrophages

34
Q

What cells are present in tissue fluid ?

A

Some neutrophils if there’s an infection

35
Q

What cells are present in lymph ?

A

Lymphocytes (obvs)
Neutrophils
Macrophages

36
Q

What is the pericardium ?

A

Tough sac surrounding the heart

37
Q

What is the inferior vena cava ?

A

Blood coming from body comes back through this to the heart

38
Q

What is the vena cava coming from the head and neck called ?

A

Superior vena cava

39
Q

What is another word for the left atrioventricular valve ?

A

Bicuspid valve

40
Q

What is normal residual volume?

A

1.5dm3

41
Q

What is normal tidal volume ?

A

0.5 dm3

42
Q

What is a spiracle?

A

An external opening or pore that allows air in or out of the trachae.

43
Q

Where does gas exchange happen in insects ?

A

Between the at in the tracheole and the tracheal Fluid.

44
Q

What can the tracheal fluid do?

A

Be withdrawn into the body fluid in order to increase the SA of the tracheole wall exposed to air.

45
Q

How can insects ventilate their tracheal system by movements of their body?

A
  • sections of the tracheal system have flexible walls- act as air sacs that can be squeezed by action of muscles.
  • movement of the wings change volume of thorax-pressure
  • specialises breathing movements coordinated w opening and closing valves in the spiracles.
46
Q

On a spirometer trace which part is the inhaling ?

A

The SLOPING down.

47
Q

Where does the mucous w all the trapped particles go?

A

Top of trachea/ back of mouth

ew

48
Q

What is the function of the smooth muscle fibres in the bronchus?

A

Constrict the bronchus to control air flow

49
Q

Why are the capillaries+ alveoli close together ?

A
  • reduce diffusion distance

- maintain high conc gradient

50
Q

What’s the function of the elastic fibres in the lungs?

A

Recoil/expel air/exhale more completely/prevent bursting of alveoli/ aiding ventilation.

51
Q

What does chronic mean ?

A

Lifelong/slow onset-takes time for symptoms to show. Usually degenerative- gets progressively worse.

52
Q

What CHEMICALS are used in spirometers to absorb CO2?

A

soda lime/ NaOH / Ca(OH)2

53
Q

What effect would not wearing a nose clip have on spirometer measurements?

A

Would make them INVALID

54
Q

How to word alveoli being one cell thick

A

Their WALLS are 1 cell thick- say their WALLS not just them.

55
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Secretion made by the alveoli to provide surface tension which prevents them from collapsing.

56
Q

When a question says compare…

A

DIRECT COMPARISON in the SAME STATEMENT

57
Q

Why does refreshing the air on air sacs help maintain a steep conc gradient?

A

Increase conc of o2 in air sac- higher than in blood +bc

58
Q

How is a steep concentration gradient maintained in the lungs?

A
  • refreshing air
  • continuous blood flow
  • o2 combines w haemoglobin
59
Q

Why is it impossible to expel all air from the lungs?

A

Lungs Can’t be totally compressed/flattened
Trachea/bronchi held open by cartilage
Alveoli held open by elastic fibres

60
Q

Why is cartilage essential in the trachea ?

A

To support it which keeps it open. During inspiration volume of lungs increases do there is a lower negative pressure in the trachea.

61
Q

What chemical could be used to absorb co2 in a spirometer?

A

Calcium hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide

62
Q

what is the fluid responsible for gas exchange in insects?

A

TRACHEAL FLUID

NOT tracheole fluid.

63
Q

what supports something being caused by a random error apparently?

A

SDs being large

and low resolution equipment.

Biology (25 decks)

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