5.2 information processing Flashcards
information processing
is the system by which we take information from our surrounding environment, use it to make a decision and then produce a response: input —> decision making —> output
input
refers to the environment
output
what the performer did (response)
CNS
brain and spinal cord
welford’s model
just know it
sensation
organ of the body that responds to external stimuli by conveying impulses to the sensory nervous system
perception
judgement resulting from awareness (see, hear, smell, feel)
stm (short term memory)
small amount of info in mind
ltm (long term memory)
large amount of info in mind
decision-making
cognitive process in selection of action
effector control
nerve signals to muscles
output
response
components associated with sensory input (exteroceptors)
- provide info from outside the body
- vision and auditory
- receptor in skin for touch, pressure, pain, temp
interceptors
“how your body feels”
- provide info some inside the body
- vestibular apparatus-balance
- chemical change
proprioceptors
“where your body is in space”
- joint receptors
- muscle spindles
- golgi tendon
(inform brain on movement)
signal-detection process: signal/stimulus:
perceiving an important piece of info from environment and/or from within. stands out from background noise
signal-detection process: noise
background, non-essential info
- ex) spectators cheering
identification of stimulus occurs
D: detection: process of registering of the stimulus by sense organs
C: comparison: process of referring the stimulus to memory, to compare it to previously stored stimuli
R: recognition: process of finding a corresponding a stimulus in the memory
distinguish between characteristics of short term sensory store, short-term memory and long-term memory (STSS- short term sensory store)
- capacity: unlimited
- duration: less than a sec
- uses 5 senses
STM (short-term memory)
- capacity: limited 5-9 items
- duration: 10-12 secs
- important in learning motor skills
LTM (long-term memory)
- capacity: unlimited
- duration: indefinite
- difficult to recall, used to compare against new experiences
discuss the relationship between selective attention and memory
- selective attention only operates in short term sensory store
- only relevant info passed to short term memory
- ensures info overload does not occur, prevents confusion
- important when accuracy or fast responses are required
rehearsal
required to get info into long term memory and to increase the chances of being able to recall that info
coding
info associated with images can be recalled better with the associations
brevity
it is easier to remember short and specific details rather than long and vague info
clarity
if the info is clear and understood it will be easier to remember
chunking
to some degree we do this automatically chunking several pieces of info into one meaningful chunk, which takes up less space in short term memory
organization
is the information is in a clear and logical format, it makes it easier to recall
association
semantic understanding increases recall
practice
repetition of skill, needed to get info to long term memory
response time
time from initiation of movement to the completion of that movement
- response time is the ABILITY, having individual and group variances
reaction time
time between the onset of a signal to respond and initiation of that
factors that affect response time (gender)
- males have quicker reaction time but deteriorates quicker
- females have slower reaction times, but deteriorates slower
age
- reaction time gets quicker up to an optimum age then deteriorates
number of choices
- simple reaction time: no choices
- choice reaction time: multiple choices (slowest reaction)
fitness training
increases movement time
temperature
increase in temp means increase in reaction time
state of alertness
reaction time increases as alertness does
Hick’s law
more choices= longer to react
evaluate the concept of the psychological refractory period
- when two stimuli are presented close together, the reaction time to the second stimuli is slower than normal
- deception in sport: fake, juke
- welford claimed that processing of stimuli 2 could not take place until processing stimuli 1 had been completed
