2.2 Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Composition of blood (transport)
-nutrients
-gases (oxygen/carbon dioxide)
-electrolytes
Protection
-bleeding out: clotting
-disease: destroys microorganisms and toxins
Regulator
-temp
-pH
-water
3 types of cells found in blood (RBCs)
Erythrocytes
- contains oxygen carrying hemoglobin and gives blood its red color
WBCs
Leucocytes
-fight infections and inflammation
Platelets
Thrombocytes
-clotting and repair of blood vessels
Know the anatomy of the heart
-4 chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
-blood flow: everything else
Intrinsic regulation (inside the heart) myogenic contraction
- SA node stimulates atrial contraction
- Potential stimulates AV node
- Sends signal to bundle of His
- Sends signal to purkinje fibers which stimulates ventricle contraction
Extrinsic regulation (outside of heart)
-controlled by Medulla Oblongata
-includes autonomic nervous system
Autonomic Nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
-stimulates the heart
Parasympathetic nervous sytstem
- returns heart to resting rate
What is a pacemaker?
A pacemaker is the SA node that stimulates atrial contraction
Cardiac output
heart rate X stroke volume/1000
- measure of the heart function
stroke volume
amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle
Cardiovascular drift
-occurs 20 mins after exercise
-loss of fluids from sweat
-plasma loss from blood which leads to blood becoming viscous (thick) and harder to pump around the body
Pulmonary circulation
-delivers deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation
-right side of heart (right ventricle-pulmonary arteries-lungs)
-pulmonary arteries (deoxy blood)
-pulmonary veins (oxy blood)
lower blood pressure when compared to systemic
Systemic circulation
-delivers oxygenated blood to other tissues where oxygen is used up
- delivers deoxygenated blood back to heart to continue the cycle
-left ventricle-aorta-tissues-right atrium
higher blood pressure when compared to pulmonary
Systolic
force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular CONTRACTION
-the higher number
-how hard the blood is pushing on the arteries when IT IS being actively pushed by the heart
Diastolic
Force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular RELAXATION
-the lower number
-how hard the blood is pushing on the arteries when NOT being pushed by the heart
Dynamic
Increased systolic (movement in all parts of body)
Static
Increase in both systolic and diastolic
redistribution of blood during exercise and at rest
Vasodilation- vessels widen, higher blood supply to muscles
Vasoconstriction- vessels narrow to dissipate heat
-during exercise the distribution of blood is mainly going to the muscles than other parts of the body because they are being used the most so they require the blood vessels to widen in order to bring high blood supply to the muscles.
- at rest the blood is distributed more equally throughout the body
What is VO2 max?
maximal oxygen consumption that represents the functional capacity of the oxygen transport system
trained vs. untrained
athlete vs non-athlete
-will have higher VO2 max levels, partially due to genetics because training can only increase VO2 levels to a certain point
-trained are able to demonstrate their full cardio-respiratory potential, untrained yield fatigued muscles and are only able to reach a certain point
-athletes will need less oxygen to be pumped to the muscles since they have better endurance allowing them to go longer without getting tired
males vs. females
-body comp: females body composition affects their VO2 max because they have a higher fat composition
Hemoglobin levels: females have lower hemoglobin levels
Heart size: a males heart is usually larger than a females heart. a stronger pump leads to an increase in max VO2
young vs. old
-VO2 max peaks at around age 2o for males, and mid teens for females
- lower during childhood then gradually increases until the peak, then declines as you age
-even so, an athletic 60 year old could have a higher VO2 max than an overweight 30 year old.
cycling vs. running vs. ergometry
running: highest VO2 because requires the highest level of intensity
cycling: Doesn’t require as many body parts as running, but more than arm ergometry
Arm ergometry: lowest because it only required the use of your arms
Wut does an EKG measure?
records the electrical signal from the heart to check for different heart conditions
the following happens when exercising….
- increase in body temp causes lower venous return
- decrease in blood volume due to sweating
- decrease stroke volume and increase in heart rate, in order to keep cardiac output the same
Sympathetic function (increase O2 to muscles)
heart rate- increases
strength of contraction- increases
arteries supplying muscles and heart- vasodilation (vessels widen)
arteries of abdomen, kidneys, and skin- vasoconstriction
hormone- release adrenalin and noradrenalin which increases heart rate
parasympathetic function (decrease in O2 to muscles)
heart rate- decreases
strength of contraction- decreases
arteries supplying muscles and heart- vasoconstriction
arteries of abdomen, kidneys, and skin- vasodilation
hormone- release acetylcholine which decreases heart rate
adaptations (cardiac hypertrophy)
-enlargement of cardiac muscles and chambers
- increases stroke volume, lower resting heart rate
-because of increase stroke volume, the heart does not need to beat as often to pump the same amount of blood
Increased Capillarization
-increase in capillary density
-more capillaries, more diffusion of O2
Increase arterio-venous oxygen
-difference in the oxygen content of blood between the arterial blood and venous blood
