5.1 Endocrine System

Question 1

Bony cavity of the spenoid bone where the pituitary gland lies

Answer 1

Sella turcica

Question 2

The female pituitary gland is (heavier or lighter) than male pituitary gland

Answer 2

Female pituitary gland is heavier.

Question 3

Also known as the adenohypophysis

Answer 3

Anterior lobe of pituitary gland

Question 4

Also known as the neurohypophysis

Answer 4

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Question 5

The blood supply to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland is derived from

Answer 5

Circle of willis

Question 6

Largest and most significant part of anterior pituitary

Answer 6

Pars distalis

Question 7

Type of chromophils from anterior pituitary that are more numerous, smaller, and secrete less hormones (growth hormones (GH), somatotropin, and prolactin)

Answer 7

Acidophils: GH and somatostatin from Somatotropes; prolactin from Lactotropes

Question 8

Type of chromophils from anterior pituitary that are less in number, bigger, and secrete more hormones (LH, FSH, ACTH, B-LPH, MSH, and TSH)

Answer 8

Basophils: LH and FSH from Gonadotropes; ACTH, B-LPH, and MSH from Corticotropes; TSH from Thryotropes

Question 9

Type of cell from the angerior pituitary that don’t stain, with a central nucleus, and are non-functional

Answer 9

Chromophobes

Question 10

The part of pituitary gland that serves only as a storage for hormones, and without any secretory activity

Answer 10

Posterior pituitary gland, specifically pars nervosa

Question 11

Type of cell in pars nervosa which are dominant and resemble astrocyres

Answer 11

Pituicytes

Question 12

Type of cell in the pars nervosa which function as the storage of oxytocin and ADH

Answer 12

Herring bodies

Question 13

Paired organs located superior to kidneys

Answer 13

Adrenal glands

Question 14

Shape of the adrenal glands

Answer 14

Right: triangular
Left: semilunar in shape

Question 15

Part of adrenal gland which produces cortisol, aldosterone and androgens

Answer 15

Adrenal Cortex

Question 16

Part of adrenal gland which produce epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 16

Adrenal Medulla

Question 17

Blood supply of adrenal gland

Answer 17

Superior suprarenal artery from inferior phrenic a.
Middle suprarenal a. from abdominal aorta
Inferior suprarenal a. from renal a.

Question 18

Venous drainage of adrenal gland

Answer 18

Right suprarenal vein drains directly to the IVC

Left suprarenal vein drains inti the left renal vein then into the IVC

Question 19

True or false: the adrenal cortex does not store products in granules - They diffuse directly into the plasma

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Layer of adrenal cortex which contain arched cords of columnar or pyramidal cells, secreting mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Answer 20

Zona glomerulosa

Question 21

Layer of adrenal cortex composed of straight cords that are perpendicular to the sruface and secrete cortisol

Answer 21

Zona fasciculata

Question 22

Layer of adrenal cortex with irregular cords secreting DHEA

Answer 22

Zona reticularis

Question 23

Principal cells in the adrenal medulla

Answer 23

Chromaffin cells

Question 24

The thyroid gland lies on what vertebral level

Answer 24

C5-T1

Question 25

The lumen of each follicle of the thyroid is filled with

Answer 25

Colloid (large gelatinous protein called thyroglobulin)

Question 26

Lining of thyroid follicles

Answer 26

Normal: Simple cuboidal epith. Hypoactive: simple squamous epith. Very active: simple columnar epith.

Question 27

Cells if the thyroid gland that stain lightly and secrete calcitonin

Answer 27

C-cells or clear cells or parafollicular cells

Question 28

Structural and functional hormone-secreting unit of thyroid gland secreting T3 and T4

Answer 28

Principal/F cells or thyrocytes

Question 29

Compare T3 and T4

Answer 29

T4: more abundant, biologically inactive, longer half-life T3: less abuntant, biologically active, shorter half-life

Question 30

Embryology of thyroid gland

Answer 30

1st and 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Question 31

Embryological origin of parathyroid gland

Answer 31

3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches

Question 32

Cells of the parathyroid gland that are smaller and polygonal and secrete PTH

Answer 32

Principal or chief cells of parathyroid gland

Question 33

Cells of parathyroid that have acidphillic cytoplasm without secretions or apparent function

Answer 33

Oxyphils or acidophillic cells

Question 34

Arterial supply of parathryoid gland

Answer 34

Inferior thyroid a.

Question 35

Gland characterized by corpora aranacea controlling the daily rhythm of bodily activities

Answer 35

Pineal gland

Question 36

Cells that secrete melatonin

Answer 36

Pinealocytes

Question 37

Gland containing Hassal's corpuscles. Secretes thymosin and thymopoeitin. Originates from 3rd pair of pharyngeal pouch

Answer 37

Thymus

Question 38

Spherical or egg-shaped masses in the pancreas with polygonal or rounded cells

Answer 38

Islets of Langerhans

Question 39

4 types of cells in the pancreas and the hormones they secrete

Answer 39

Alpha: glucagon Beta: insulin Delta: somatostatin F/pp: pancreatic polypeptide

Question 40

Arterial supply of pancreas

Answer 40

Body and tail: Splenic artery Head and neck: Ant and post superior pancreaticoduodenal aa Ant and post. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa

Question 41

Endocrine part of the kidneys which secrete renin

Answer 41

JG cells

Question 42

Dense CT surrounding testes

Answer 42

Tunica albuginea

Question 43

Cells of testes providing nourishment for spermatids; also produces anti-mullerian hormone, inhibin, ABP, MIS

Answer 43

Sertoli cells

Question 44

Cells producing testosterone; rounded or polygonal cells rich in lipid droplets

Answer 44

Leydig cells

Question 45

Cells secreting estradiol

Answer 45

Granulosa cells

Question 46

Steroid producing cells with abundant SER, mitochondria and numerous lipid droplet; produces androstenedione

Answer 46

Theca interna

Question 47

Secretes hCG

Answer 47

Syncitiotriphoblasts

Question 48

Embryological origin of anterior pituitary

Answer 48

Oral ectoderm or Rathke's pouch

Question 49

Embryological origin of posterior pituitary

Answer 49

Neural crest cells from the floor of the diencephalon