5.1, 6.3, 5.4 Flashcards by Vanessa Manangan

What are protozoa?

Animal-like; heterotrophic; unicellular

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What is algae?

Plant-like; uni- or multicellular

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What are the 2 Life stages of protozoa and define them

Trophozoites- feeding and growth stages
Cysts- encapsulated stage to protect against harsh environments

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What are the 3 forms of asexual reproduction?

Binary fission, budding, and schizogeny

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What are the forms of sexual reproduction?

Syngamy (fusing of haploid gametes) and conjugation

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What is the protozoan membrane called?

Plasmalemma

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What is the pellicle?

Membranes with bands of protein to provide rigidness

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What is ectoplasm?

The outer gel-like layer

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What is the inside fluid in cytoplasm?

Endoplasm

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What is the feeding structure that takes up food/nutrients (cilia sweep food towards openings)

Cytostome

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Whats the difference between holozoic and saprozoic?

Holozoic protists take in whole particles and Saprozoic takes in smaller molecules

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What structure is for the exocytosis of waste?

Cytoproct

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What 2 locomotion structures are made of microtubules?

Flagella and cilia

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What locomotion structure is a cytoplasmic extension that attach cell to surface?

Pseudopodia

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What do contractile vacuoles do?

Help regulate osmotic pressure

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What unique organelles are defined as DNA bundles located by basal body of flagella?

Kinetoplastid

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What are Hydrogenosomes?

Unique organelles that produce ATP without O2

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T/F Protozoans are polyphyletic

T; protists don’t share an evolutionary origin

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What are the 3 prominent groups of protozoa?

Amoebozoa, Excavata, and Chromalveolata

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What do subclasses under amoeboza have in common?

They’re a group of protists that have amoeba-like movement through pseudopodia

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Which species of the amoeboza has an agent for amoebic dysentery?

Entamoeba histolytica

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Which species of the amoeboza has a causative agent for amoebic meningoencephalitis?

Naegleria fowleri

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Which species of the amoeboza has a causative agent for keratitis associated with contact lenses?

Acanthamoeba

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What’s the difference between cellular and plasmodial slime molds?

Cellular are individuals that can aggregate into a mobile “slug” and creates a fruiting body to produce haploid spores, while plasmodial are large large amoeboid cells with multiple nuclei and can form reproductive stalks to produce spores

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What common characteristic does the chromalveolata group have? Define it

Plastids- membrane bound organelle that often contains photosynthetic pigments

Which of Chromalveola’s prominent groups are algae?

Diatoms and Dinoflagellates

What are the prominent groups of Chromalveolata?

Apicomplexans, Ciliates, Oomycetes, Diatoms, and Dinoflagellates

What is an apical complex?

Concentration of organelles, vacuoles, and microtubules that able them to establish infection

What is the life cycle of apicomplexans?

Infective sporozoites undergo schizogeny

What are the prominent genera of apicomplexans?

Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium parvum, Babesia microti, Toxoplasma gondii

What genera of Apicomplexans causes malaria, infects a variety of animal cells, and has their life-cycle occur between multiple hosts?

Plasmodium

What genera of Apicomplexans are cysts that contaminate drinking water and cause intestinal symptoms?

Cryptosporidium

What genera of Apicomplexans are transmitted by ticks and blood transfusions and may cause fatal recurring fever and hemolysis (babesiosis)

Babesia microti

What genera of Apicomplexans has the causative agent of toxoplasmosis and is transmitted by cat feces, unwashed produce, and undercooked meat?

Toxoplasma gondii

What are Ciliates?

A group of chromalveolata that use cilia for locomotion/feeding

What groups (main and sub) does Balantidium coli belong to and what is it known for?

Chromalveolata, Ciliates; only pathogenic ciliate

What groups (main and sub) does Paramecium belong to and what are they used for?

Chromalveolata, Ciliates; studied in bio labs

What group of Chromalveolata has micro- and macronucleus?

Ciliates

How does ciliates reproduce?

Via conjugation

What are oomycetes also known as?

Water molds

What are oomycetes’ cell wall made of and are they usually haploid or diploid?

Cellulose; diploid

What genera is known for the potato blight? What group(s) does it belong to?

Phytophphthora infestans; oomycetes & chromalveolata

What common characteristics do excavata have?

Have a depression on cell surface

What are the prominent groups of excavata?

fornicata, parabasila, and euglenozoa

What are fornicatas?

A group of excavata that have no mitochondria but have flagella

What genera is an agent for giardia disease obtained from contaminated waters (cysts are spread via feces)? What group(s) do they belong to

Giardia lamblia; Excavata, fornicata

What is parabasila?

Excavatas that are common endosymbionts to termites and cockroaches with modified mitochondria (kinetoplast)

What genera has an agent for STD trichomoniasis and what group(s) does it belong to?

Trichomonas vaginalis; Excavata, Parabasila

What is an euglenozoa?

An excavata that is photo & non-photosynthetic, has 2 flagella, a stigma (eyespot), and cholorplast

What genera is an agent for African sleepping sickness and Chagas disease? What group(s) does it belong in

genus Trypanosoma; Excavata, Euglenozoa

What has 2 flagellas (whirl), a theca (cellulose armor), produces neurotoxins (red tide), and is known for paralytic shellfish poisoning

Dinoflagellates

What are the 2 chromalveolata algae

Dinoflagellates and stramenopiles

What are included in stramenopiles and what do they do?

Golden algae (chrystophytes), Brown algae (phaeophytes), Diatoms (ochraphytes)

What taxa are algae found in?

Chromalveolata and archaeplastida

What algae is found in Archaeplastida?

Red and green algae

What is red algae?

An archaeplastida that has cell walls that contain agar or carrageenan

What is green algae?

Archaeplastida that are generally non-path; important in molecular bio research

What group(s) does the genera prototheca belong to and what does it cause?

Archaeplastida green algae; Prototheocosis

Who used porcelain to filter out virus?

Dmitri Ivanovski

What are porcelain filters used now?

To remove all material except viruses from cell cultures

What is in vivo and in vitro when cultivating viruses?

In vivo- in organism; in vitro- outside organism

What are the 4 phases of viral growth?

Inoculation- virus causes infection; Eclipse- virus binds and penetrates (no virions detected); Burst- virions released from lysed host cell; Burst size- number of virions released per bacterium

How is the production of the influenza vaccine done?

It is grown in vivo from chicken/turkey embryo

How does In vitro growth work?

Primary cell line is obtained from desired tissue and cells are grown in petri dish to allow attachment -> related with the HeLA cells

What was the HeLA cell lines?

An immortal cell line that was unethically obtained by a cervical cancer patient

How is vital detection determined?

- Effect on cells - Hemmagglutination assay - Nucleic acid test - Enzyme immunoassay

What is Cytopathic effects (CPEs)

Cell abnormalities due to viral infection

What are examples of CPEs?

Loss of adherance, change of cell shape, nucleus shrinkage, vacuoles formed, fusion of cytoplasmic membranes to form multiple nuclei, inclusion bodies, cell lysis

What does hemagglutination assay do and how does it work?

It detects a virus from patient serum; The human’s serum is exposed to the virus and then RBC are added; if there is agglutination they don’t have that virus, if there is no agglutination they do have that virus

What is the Nucleic Acid Amplification Test and how does it work?

It detects a unique viral sequence; You’re taking a small amount of nucleic acid, amplifying a certain gene to a quantifiable amount where you can definitively say “yes, that is that virus”

Is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) used for DNA or RNA in the NAAT?

DNA

Is the Reverse Transcriptase PCR used for DNA or RNA in NAAT?

RnA

What is the enzyme immunoassay used for?

Detection of antigens/antibodies

How does EIA/ELISA work?

- you apply a patient sample to membrane filter - add antibody with enzyme conjugate (antibody attaches to antigen if present) - Wash to remove unattached conjugate - Add substrate, which allows the substrate and enzyme interaction to create color change for detection