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Microbiology for Nursing > 5.1, 6.3, 5.4 > Flashcards

5.1, 6.3, 5.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are protozoa?

A

Animal-like; heterotrophic; unicellular

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2
Q

What is algae?

A

Plant-like; uni- or multicellular

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3
Q

What are the 2 Life stages of protozoa and define them

A

Trophozoites- feeding and growth stages
Cysts- encapsulated stage to protect against harsh environments

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4
Q

What are the 3 forms of asexual reproduction?

A

Binary fission, budding, and schizogeny

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5
Q

What are the forms of sexual reproduction?

A

Syngamy (fusing of haploid gametes) and conjugation

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6
Q

What is the protozoan membrane called?

A

Plasmalemma

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7
Q

What is the pellicle?

A

Membranes with bands of protein to provide rigidness

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8
Q

What is ectoplasm?

A

The outer gel-like layer

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9
Q

What is the inside fluid in cytoplasm?

A

Endoplasm

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10
Q

What is the feeding structure that takes up food/nutrients (cilia sweep food towards openings)

A

Cytostome

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11
Q

Whats the difference between holozoic and saprozoic?

A

Holozoic protists take in whole particles and Saprozoic takes in smaller molecules

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12
Q

What structure is for the exocytosis of waste?

A

Cytoproct

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13
Q

What 2 locomotion structures are made of microtubules?

A

Flagella and cilia

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14
Q

What locomotion structure is a cytoplasmic extension that attach cell to surface?

A

Pseudopodia

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15
Q

What do contractile vacuoles do?

A

Help regulate osmotic pressure

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16
Q

What unique organelles are defined as DNA bundles located by basal body of flagella?

A

Kinetoplastid

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17
Q

What are Hydrogenosomes?

A

Unique organelles that produce ATP without O2

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18
Q

T/F Protozoans are polyphyletic

A

T; protists don’t share an evolutionary origin

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19
Q

What are the 3 prominent groups of protozoa?

A

Amoebozoa, Excavata, and Chromalveolata

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20
Q

What do subclasses under amoeboza have in common?

A

They’re a group of protists that have amoeba-like movement through pseudopodia

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21
Q

Which species of the amoeboza has an agent for amoebic dysentery?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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22
Q

Which species of the amoeboza has a causative agent for amoebic meningoencephalitis?

A

Naegleria fowleri

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23
Q

Which species of the amoeboza has a causative agent for keratitis associated with contact lenses?

A

Acanthamoeba

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24
Q

What’s the difference between cellular and plasmodial slime molds?

A

Cellular are individuals that can aggregate into a mobile “slug” and creates a fruiting body to produce haploid spores, while plasmodial are large large amoeboid cells with multiple nuclei and can form reproductive stalks to produce spores

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25
Q

What common characteristic does the chromalveolata group have? Define it

A

Plastids- membrane bound organelle that often contains photosynthetic pigments

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26
Q

Which of Chromalveola’s prominent groups are algae?

A

Diatoms and Dinoflagellates

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27
Q

What are the prominent groups of Chromalveolata?

A

Apicomplexans, Ciliates, Oomycetes, Diatoms, and Dinoflagellates

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28
Q

What is an apical complex?

A

Concentration of organelles, vacuoles, and microtubules that able them to establish infection

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29
Q

What is the life cycle of apicomplexans?

A

Infective sporozoites undergo schizogeny

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30
Q

What are the prominent genera of apicomplexans?

A

Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium parvum, Babesia microti, Toxoplasma gondii

31
Q

What genera of Apicomplexans causes malaria, infects a variety of animal cells, and has their life-cycle occur between multiple hosts?

A

Plasmodium

32
Q

What genera of Apicomplexans are cysts that contaminate drinking water and cause intestinal symptoms?

A

Cryptosporidium

33
Q

What genera of Apicomplexans are transmitted by ticks and blood transfusions and may cause fatal recurring fever and hemolysis (babesiosis)

A

Babesia microti

34
Q

What genera of Apicomplexans has the causative agent of toxoplasmosis and is transmitted by cat feces, unwashed produce, and undercooked meat?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

35
Q

What are Ciliates?

A

A group of chromalveolata that use cilia for locomotion/feeding

36
Q

What groups (main and sub) does Balantidium coli belong to and what is it known for?

A

Chromalveolata, Ciliates; only pathogenic ciliate

37
Q

What groups (main and sub) does Paramecium belong to and what are they used for?

A

Chromalveolata, Ciliates; studied in bio labs

38
Q

What group of Chromalveolata has micro- and macronucleus?

A

Ciliates

39
Q

How does ciliates reproduce?

A

Via conjugation

40
Q

What are oomycetes also known as?

A

Water molds

41
Q

What are oomycetes’ cell wall made of and are they usually haploid or diploid?

A

Cellulose; diploid

42
Q

What genera is known for the potato blight? What group(s) does it belong to?

A

Phytophphthora infestans; oomycetes & chromalveolata

43
Q

What common characteristics do excavata have?

A

Have a depression on cell surface

44
Q

What are the prominent groups of excavata?

A

fornicata, parabasila, and euglenozoa

45
Q

What are fornicatas?

A

A group of excavata that have no mitochondria but have flagella

46
Q

What genera is an agent for giardia disease obtained from contaminated waters (cysts are spread via feces)? What group(s) do they belong to

A

Giardia lamblia; Excavata, fornicata

47
Q

What is parabasila?

A

Excavatas that are common endosymbionts to termites and cockroaches with modified mitochondria (kinetoplast)

48
Q

What genera has an agent for STD trichomoniasis and what group(s) does it belong to?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis; Excavata, Parabasila

49
Q

What is an euglenozoa?

A

An excavata that is photo & non-photosynthetic, has 2 flagella, a stigma (eyespot), and cholorplast

50
Q

What genera is an agent for African sleepping sickness and Chagas disease? What group(s) does it belong in

A

genus Trypanosoma; Excavata, Euglenozoa

51
Q

What has 2 flagellas (whirl), a theca (cellulose armor), produces neurotoxins (red tide), and is known for paralytic shellfish poisoning

A

Dinoflagellates

52
Q

What are the 2 chromalveolata algae

A

Dinoflagellates and stramenopiles

53
Q

What are included in stramenopiles and what do they do?

A

Golden algae (chrystophytes), Brown algae (phaeophytes), Diatoms (ochraphytes)

54
Q

What taxa are algae found in?

A

Chromalveolata and archaeplastida

55
Q

What algae is found in Archaeplastida?

A

Red and green algae

56
Q

What is red algae?

A

An archaeplastida that has cell walls that contain agar or carrageenan

57
Q

What is green algae?

A

Archaeplastida that are generally non-path; important in molecular bio research

58
Q

What group(s) does the genera prototheca belong to and what does it cause?

A

Archaeplastida green algae; Prototheocosis

59
Q

Who used porcelain to filter out virus?

A

Dmitri Ivanovski

60
Q

What are porcelain filters used now?

A

To remove all material except viruses from cell cultures

61
Q

What is in vivo and in vitro when cultivating viruses?

A

In vivo- in organism; in vitro- outside organism

62
Q

What are the 4 phases of viral growth?

A

Inoculation- virus causes infection; Eclipse- virus binds and penetrates (no virions detected); Burst- virions released from lysed host cell; Burst size- number of virions released per bacterium

63
Q

How is the production of the influenza vaccine done?

A

It is grown in vivo from chicken/turkey embryo

64
Q

How does In vitro growth work?

A

Primary cell line is obtained from desired tissue and cells are grown in petri dish to allow attachment -> related with the HeLA cells

65
Q

What was the HeLA cell lines?

A

An immortal cell line that was unethically obtained by a cervical cancer patient

66
Q

How is vital detection determined?

A
  • Effect on cells
  • Hemmagglutination assay
  • Nucleic acid test
  • Enzyme immunoassay
67
Q

What is Cytopathic effects (CPEs)

A

Cell abnormalities due to viral infection

68
Q

What are examples of CPEs?

A

Loss of adherance, change of cell shape, nucleus shrinkage, vacuoles formed, fusion of cytoplasmic membranes to form multiple nuclei, inclusion bodies, cell lysis

69
Q

What does hemagglutination assay do and how does it work?

A

It detects a virus from patient serum; The human’s serum is exposed to the virus and then RBC are added; if there is agglutination they don’t have that virus, if there is no agglutination they do have that virus

70
Q

What is the Nucleic Acid Amplification Test and how does it work?

A

It detects a unique viral sequence; You’re taking a small amount of nucleic acid, amplifying a certain gene to a quantifiable amount where you can definitively say “yes, that is that virus”

71
Q

Is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) used for DNA or RNA in the NAAT?

A

DNA

72
Q

Is the Reverse Transcriptase PCR used for DNA or RNA in NAAT?

A

RnA

73
Q

What is the enzyme immunoassay used for?

A

Detection of antigens/antibodies

74
Q

How does EIA/ELISA work?

A
  • you apply a patient sample to membrane filter
  • add antibody with enzyme conjugate (antibody attaches to antigen if present)
  • Wash to remove unattached conjugate
  • Add substrate, which allows the substrate and enzyme interaction to create color change for detection

Microbiology for Nursing (16 decks)

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