Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology for Nursing > 15.2/17.3 > Flashcards

15.2/17.3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Nursing Pharmacology flashcards NCLEX-RN® flashcards Nursing Mental Health flashcards Nursing Fundamentals flashcards Nursing Safety & Infection flashcards Nursing Adult Health flashcards NCLEX-PN® flashcards Nursing Management of Care flashcards Nursing Pediatrics flashcards Nursing Maternity flashcards
1
Q

What are Koch’s Postulates?

A

Set of standards that must be met to demonstrate that X pathogen causes X disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is step 1 of Koch’s Postulates

A

The suspected pathogen must be found in every case of disease and not be found in healthy individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is step 2 of Koch’s postulates?

A

The suspected pathogen can be isolated and grown in pure culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is step 3 of Koch’s postulates?

A

A healthy test subject infected with the suspected pathogen must develop the same signs and symptoms of disease as seen in postulate 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is step 4 of Koch’s postulates?

A

The pathogen must be re-isolated from the new host and must be identical to the pathogen from postulate 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are Koch’s wrong assumptions?

A
  1. Pathogens are found only in diseased individuals
  2. All subjects are equally susceptible to infection
  3. All pathogens can be grown in culture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does molecular Koch’s Postulates identify instead of pathogen?

A

gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the first step of Molecular Koch’s Postulates?

A

The phenotype should be associated only with pathogenic strains of a species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the second step of Molecular Koch’s Postulates?

A

Inactivation of the suspected gene(s) associated with pathogenicity should result in a measurable loss of pathogenicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the third step of Molecular Koch’s Postulates?

A

Reversion of the inactive gene should restore the disease phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the few limitations of Molecular Koch’s Postulates?

A
  1. Genetic manipulation of some organisms isn’t possible with current techniques
  2. Some diseases do not have suitable animal models
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ability of a pathogen to cause disease?

A

Pathogenicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Degree of pathogenicity?

A

Virulence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is ID50? Related to Morbidity or Mortality?

A

Median Infectious dose - no. of pathogens required to infect 50% of those inoculated; Morbidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is LD50? Related to Morbidity or Mortality?

A

Median lethal dose - no. of pathogens required to kill 50% of those infected; Mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What pathogen can cause disease in a host regardless of the host’s resident microbiota or immune system?

A

Primary Pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What pathogen can only cause disease in situations that compromise the host’s defenses?

A

Opportunistic pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 5 stages of Pathogenicity?

A
  1. Exposure to host
  2. Adhesion
  3. Invasion
  4. Infection
  5. Transmission
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are TORCH infections?

A

Pathogens that can cross placental barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is adhesion in the stages of pathogenicity?

A

The capability of colonization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are molecules/structures that bind to certain host receptors called?

A

Adhesins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a production of community glycocalyx called?

A

Biofilm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is it called when colonization is established in the stages of pathogenicity?

A

Invasion

24
Q

T/F Virulence plays role in degree of invasion

A

T

25
Q

How does intracellular pathogens invade?

A

Via endocytosis and evasion of host immune defenses

26
Q

Which invasion mechanism have effector proteins secreted to trigger entry?

A

Membrane ruffling

27
Q

Which invasion mechanism has surface proteins that allow for binding to the host cell?

A

Trojan horse approach

28
Q

Multiplication leads to what stage of pathogenicity?

A

Infection

29
Q

What type of infection is at a small area of body?

A

Local infection

30
Q

What type of infection has a pathogen/toxin spread to a secondary location?

A

Focal infection

31
Q

What type of infection occurs throughout the body?

A

Systemic

32
Q

T/F Can Primary infections lead to secondary infection of different pathogen

A

T

33
Q

Transmission to a new host through a portal of exit ensures what?

A

Persistence

34
Q

What is the differentiation of blood cells from bone marrow stem cells called?

A

hematopoiesis

35
Q

What are the 3 types of Granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

36
Q

What is the agranulocyte exception?

A

Natural Killer cells

37
Q

Which granulocyte has 3-5 connected lobes and small, purple granules?

A

Neutrophils

38
Q

Which granulocyte has 2-3 lobes and large, red/orange granules?

A

Eosinophils

39
Q

Which granulocyte has 2 lobes and large, purple granules?

A

Basophils

40
Q

What granulocyte is involved with the destruction of extracellular bacteria and produces defensins and hydrolytic enzymes?

A

Neutrophils

41
Q

What are meshes of chromatin with AMPs to trap pathogens called?

A

NETs - Neutrophil extracellular traps

42
Q

What granulocyte is good at protecting against protozoa and helminths and has granules that contain histamine, degradative enzymes, and major basic protein?

A

Eosinophils

43
Q

What induces degranulation of basophils?

A

Activated complement cascade

44
Q

What granulocyte is important in allergic reactions and inflammatory responses and has granules containing histamine and cytokines?

A

Basophils

45
Q

What function does Mast cells have?

A

Similar to Basophil function

46
Q

Where are Mast cells found?

A

Associated with blood vessels and nerves, or found close to surface structures

47
Q

What are 2 main types of agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

48
Q

Natural killer cells and B cells/T cells fall under what type of agranulocyte?

A

Lymphocytes

49
Q

Macrophages, dendrites, and mononuclear phagocyte systems fall under what type of agranulocyte?

A

Monocyte

50
Q

Natural killer cells are considered to have adaptive or innate immunity?

A

Innate Immunity

51
Q

B cells and T cells are considered to have adaptive or innate immunity?

A

Adaptive Immunity

52
Q

What do Natural Killer Cells do?

A

Seek out non-self markers and express cytokines and cytotoxic molecules stored in granules to kill non-self cell

53
Q

What do Natural Killer Cells specifically secrete to induce apoptosis in target cells?

A

Perforin and granzymes

54
Q

Macrophages are specialized in ________

A

tissues

55
Q

Dendritic cells are specialized in _________

A

skin and mucous membranes

56
Q

Monocytes (dendritic and macrophages) are important promoters of __________ immunity

A

adaptive

Microbiology for Nursing (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions