14.5, 14.2, 13.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main goal of controlling microbial growth?

A

Reduce microbial load and reduce infection or contamination

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2
Q

What completely removes/kills all microbes from fomites?

A

Sterilization

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3
Q

What inactivates/kill microbes on fomites? Some microbes may not be inactivated

A

Disinfectant

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4
Q

What acts on microbes but not organism/tissue?

A

Antiseptic

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5
Q

What reduces microbial load on fomite?

A

Sanitization

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6
Q

What reduces microbial load on living tissue?

A

Degerming

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7
Q

Which BSL poses moderate risk; restrictive access, has PPE, self closing doors, eyewash station, autoclave or sterilization method? What microbes/viruses is it made for?

A

BSL-2; S. Aureus, salmonella spp.

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8
Q

Which BSL has potential to cause lethal infections by inhalation and has indigenous or exotic pathogens? What viruses and microbes does it contain?

A

BSL-3; M. tuberculosis, B. Anthracis, West Nile Virus, HIV

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9
Q

Which BSL is most dangerous; often fatal, includes BSL-3 plus full biohazard suit, change clothing on entry, shower on exit, decontaminate all material on exit, lab must have own air supply? What viruses/pathogens does it have?

A

BSL-4; “Exotic” pathogens; ebola and Marburg viruses

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10
Q

What level of clean is it when it must be sterile; items used inside the body (i.e. sterile tissue or bloodstream)?

A

Critical

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11
Q

Which level of clean is needed for surgical instruments, catheters, IV fluids?

A

Critical

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12
Q

Which level of clean does not require high level sterilization; items might contact non-sterile tissue (e.g. gut) but no penetrate tissue?

A

Semicritical

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13
Q

What level of clean are GI endoscopes and respiratory therapy equipment?

A

Semicritical

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14
Q

What level of clean does not require sterilization; items contact but do not penetrate intact skin?

A

Noncritical

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15
Q

What level of clean are stethoscopes, bed linens, blood pressure cuffs?

A

Noncritical

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16
Q

What can be used to observe the degree of control?

A

Microbial death curve

17
Q

These factors affect what?
- Length of exposure
- Concentration of agent
- Population level

A

Success of control

18
Q

What is it called when it shows how much time it takes to kill 90% (1 log reduction) of population?

A

Decimal reduction time (DRT)

19
Q

What is Narrow spectrum?

A

Targets specific group of microbes

20
Q

What is broad spectrum?

A

Targets wide variety

21
Q

What is the downside of broad spectrum?

A

Superinfection

22
Q

What is considered optimal dosage?

A

High drug efficacy but low adverse effects

23
Q

How is selective pressure (external agents which affect an organism’s ability to survive in a given environment) increased?

A
  • misuse and inappropriate use of antimicrobials, subtherapeutic dosage, patient noncompliance
24
Q

What are mechanisms of resistance?

A

-Enzymatic modification or inactivation of the drug
- Modification of the antimicrobial target
- Overproduction of antimicrobial target
- Enzymatic bypass of antimicrobial target
- Prevention of drug penetration or accumulation

25
Q

What are “Superbugs”, (ESKAPE) Enterococcus faecium, Staphylcoccus aureusm Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acientobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp., and are difficult to treat and cause large # of nosocomial infections?

A

MDRs - multidrug-resistant microbes

26
Q

Are Vancomycin only effective against G+ or G-

A

G+

27
Q

What are the last line of defense?

A

Vancomycin and MRSA

28
Q

Which special resistance involves target modification of peptide component in cell wall; prevent binding?

A

VRE - Vancomycin-resistant enterococci

29
Q

Which special resistance involves horizontal gene transfer from patients infected with VRE and MRSA?

A

VRSA - Vancomycin-resistant S. Aureus

30
Q

Which special resistance involves the increase in targets; binding to outer cell

A

VISA - vancomycin-intermediate S. Aureus

31
Q

Which special resistance involves the acquisition of new low-affinity PBP; resistance to all B-lactams (target modification)

A

MRSA - Methicillin-resistant S. Aureus

32
Q

Which special resistance involves the resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, B-lactamase-inhibitors, but not carbapenems

A

ESBLs - Extended-spectrum B-lactamases

33
Q

Which special resistance is involved with the production of carbapenemases (B-lactamses that inactivate all B-lactams) and has efflux pumps and uptake prevention; some have developed pan-resistance (resistance to all antibacterials)?

A

CRE - Carbapenems-resistant Enterobacteriadeae

34
Q

Which special resistance is resistant to both rifampin and isoniazid?

A

Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB)

35
Q

Which special resistance is resistant to any fluoroquinolone and at least 1 of 3 others drugs used as a 2nd line of treatment

A

XDR-TB