14.5, 14.2, 13.1 Flashcards
What is the main goal of controlling microbial growth?
Reduce microbial load and reduce infection or contamination
What completely removes/kills all microbes from fomites?
Sterilization
What inactivates/kill microbes on fomites? Some microbes may not be inactivated
Disinfectant
What acts on microbes but not organism/tissue?
Antiseptic
What reduces microbial load on fomite?
Sanitization
What reduces microbial load on living tissue?
Degerming
Which BSL poses moderate risk; restrictive access, has PPE, self closing doors, eyewash station, autoclave or sterilization method? What microbes/viruses is it made for?
BSL-2; S. Aureus, salmonella spp.
Which BSL has potential to cause lethal infections by inhalation and has indigenous or exotic pathogens? What viruses and microbes does it contain?
BSL-3; M. tuberculosis, B. Anthracis, West Nile Virus, HIV
Which BSL is most dangerous; often fatal, includes BSL-3 plus full biohazard suit, change clothing on entry, shower on exit, decontaminate all material on exit, lab must have own air supply? What viruses/pathogens does it have?
BSL-4; “Exotic” pathogens; ebola and Marburg viruses
What level of clean is it when it must be sterile; items used inside the body (i.e. sterile tissue or bloodstream)?
Critical
Which level of clean is needed for surgical instruments, catheters, IV fluids?
Critical
Which level of clean does not require high level sterilization; items might contact non-sterile tissue (e.g. gut) but no penetrate tissue?
Semicritical
What level of clean are GI endoscopes and respiratory therapy equipment?
Semicritical
What level of clean does not require sterilization; items contact but do not penetrate intact skin?
Noncritical
What level of clean are stethoscopes, bed linens, blood pressure cuffs?
Noncritical
What can be used to observe the degree of control?
Microbial death curve
These factors affect what?
- Length of exposure
- Concentration of agent
- Population level
Success of control
What is it called when it shows how much time it takes to kill 90% (1 log reduction) of population?
Decimal reduction time (DRT)
What is Narrow spectrum?
Targets specific group of microbes
What is broad spectrum?
Targets wide variety
What is the downside of broad spectrum?
Superinfection
What is considered optimal dosage?
High drug efficacy but low adverse effects
How is selective pressure (external agents which affect an organism’s ability to survive in a given environment) increased?
- misuse and inappropriate use of antimicrobials, subtherapeutic dosage, patient noncompliance
What are mechanisms of resistance?
-Enzymatic modification or inactivation of the drug
- Modification of the antimicrobial target
- Overproduction of antimicrobial target
- Enzymatic bypass of antimicrobial target
- Prevention of drug penetration or accumulation
