15.3/17.4/15.4

Question 1

What are adhesins?

Answer 1

Proteins that aid in attachment to host cell receptors

Question 2

Where are adhesins most commonly found?

Answer 2

Fimbriae or pili

Question 3

T/F Adhesins can be universally used and don’t have specificity

Answer 3

F

Question 4

What is it called when bacteria is in blood?

Answer 4

-bacteremia

Question 5

What is it called when viruses are in the blood?

Answer 5

vieremia

Question 6

What is it called when toxins are in the blood?

Answer 6

toxemia

Question 7

What is it called when bacteria is present and multiplying in the blood?

Answer 7

Septicemia

Question 8

What are extracellular enzymes used to host tissues called?

Answer 8

Exoenzymes

Question 9

What exoenzymes degrade hyaluronic acid that cements cells together to promote spreading through tissues? Example: Hyaluronidase S in S. aureus

Answer 9

Glycohydrolases

Question 10

What exoenzymes degrade DNA released by dying cells (bacteria and host cells) that can trap the bacteria, thus promoting spread? Example: DNAse produced by S. aureus

Answer 10

Nucleases

Question 11

What exoenzymes degrade the phospholipid bilayer of host cells causing cellular lysis, and degrade the membrane of phagosomes to enable escape into the cytoplasm?

Answer 11

Phospholipases

Question 12

What exoenzymes degrades collagen in connective tissue to promote spread?

Answer 12

Proteases

Question 13

What are biological poisons that assist in ability to invade and cause tissue damage?

Answer 13

Toxins

Question 14

What category of toxin can be defined as lipopolysaccharides that triggers host inflammatory responses; can cause sever fever and shock?

Answer 14

Endotoxins

Question 15

What type of toxin can be defined as proteins mostly produced by Gram (+); targets receptors on specific cells

Answer 15

Exotoxins

Question 16

What uses blood cells of a horseshoe crab mixed with a patient’s serum; observed chromogenically or by coagulation? What does it detect?

Answer 16

Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) Test; endotoxin

Question 17

What uses antibodies to detect endoxins?

Answer 17

ELISA - enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Question 18

What is intracellular targeting?

Answer 18

a category of exotoxin with A and B regions for activity and binding

Question 19

What is called when the subcategory of exotoxins are phospholipases that degrade bilayer membrane

Answer 19

Membrane-disrupting

Question 20

What can Hemolysins and Leukocidins do and what are they?

Answer 20

Membrane-disrupting exotoxins that can target RBC, WBC, and other cells

Question 21

What triggers the excessive production of cytokines by immune cells? What are examples of this?

Answer 21

Superantigen; S. aureus and Toxic Shock Syndrome

Question 22

What are these examples of:
- Capsules that enlarge bacterial cells so phagocytes cannot engulf pathogens
- Proteases digest host antibody molecules

Answer 22

Host evasion

Question 23

What is antigenic variation?

Answer 23

Alteration of cell surface to hide from immune cell recognition

Question 24

What is antigenic drift and shift a virulence of?

Answer 24

A virulence factor for viruses

Question 25

What virulence in viruses are point mutations causing slight changes in spike proteins (H and N)?

Answer 25

Antigenic drift

Question 26

What virulence in virus are major changes in spike proteins due to gen reassortment?

Answer 26

Antigenic shift

Question 27

What virulence properties do bacteria and viruses have in common?

Answer 27

Adhesins and antigenic variation

Question 28

What virulence properties do Fungi and Bacteria have?

Answer 28

Adhesins, exoenzymes, and toxins

Question 29

What are produced by Claviceps purpurea and Aspergillus spp. that contaminate grains and other staple crops

Answer 29

Mycotoxins

Question 30

What virulence properties do Protozoans and Bacteria have in common?

Answer 30

Adhesins, toxins, antigenic variation, etc.

Question 31

Which virulence factor is this?
- Plasmodium Falciparum quickly changes adhesive protein for RBCs to avoid immune recognition; causes chronicity in malaria patients

Answer 31

Antigenic variation

Question 32

What is Glycan gimmickry and what uses this type of method?

Answer 32

mimic host cells to evade the immune system; host evasion that helminths use

Question 33

How is diapedesis intitiated?

Answer 33

Complement factor 5a and cytokines

Question 34

What is the process of leukocytes passing through capillary walls to tissues?

Answer 34

Diapedesis/extravasation

Question 35

What is the process of flattening out and squeezing through cellular junction after “rolling adhesion”?

Answer 35

Transendothelial migration

Question 36

What does PAMPS represent?

Answer 36

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns; for auto recognition

Question 37

What can peptidoglycan, LPS, Flagellin, Microbial DNA/RNA, and lipopeptides be examples of?

Answer 37

PAMPs

Question 38

What are the structures that allow phagocytic cells to detect PAMPs?

Answer 38

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Question 39

What binds to PAMPs and communicates with phagocyte nuclease to elicit a response?

Answer 39

Toll-like receptor (TLRs)

Question 40

What can PRRs on macrophages also respond to?

Answer 40

Chemical distress signals from damaged or stressed cells; inflammatory response

Question 41

What happens when PAMP is recognized

Answer 41

Phagocyte activates genes for phagocytosis, cell proliferation, interferon production, and/or cytokines

Question 42

Order the phagocytosis stages in the right order?

Answer 42

• Expulsion of debris
• Formation of phagosome
• Formation of phagolysosome and pathogen particle degradation
• Pathogen engulfment (phagocytosis)