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Microbiology for Nursing > 4.4, 6.2 Lessons > Flashcards

4.4, 6.2 Lessons Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the group called when there is a high G+C content?

A

Actinobacteria

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2
Q

What is the group called when there is a low G+C content?

A

Firmicutes

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3
Q

Which gram positive bacteria phylum is extremely diverse, thin & filamentous/coccobacilli shaped, important to soil ecology, and has different peptidoglycan?

A

Actinobacteria phylum

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4
Q

What are the prominent genera of Actinobacteria?

A

Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium, Bifidobacterium, and Gardnerella

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5
Q

Which genera of the Actinobacteria phylum is acid fast (+) due to mycolic acid in cell wall?

A

Mycobacterium

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6
Q

What are the causative agents of Mycobacterium?

A

Tuberculosis and leprosy

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7
Q

What genera of the actinobacteria phylum has diaminopilmelic acids in cell wall?

A

Corynebacterium

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8
Q

What species of the corynebacterium causes the D in D-TAP?

A

C. diphtheria

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9
Q

What genera of the Actinobacteria phylum is filamentous, anaerobic, and is frequently used as probiotic?

A

Bifidobacterium

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10
Q

Which genera has only one specie and is gram variable?

A

Gardnerella vaginalis

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11
Q

What species of the actinobacteria phylum has the causative agent for bacterial vaginosis?

A

Gardnerella vaginalis

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12
Q

What are the prominent genera of Firmicutes phylum?

A

Clotridium, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Bacillus, and Stahphylococcus

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13
Q

Which genus of the firmicutes phylum are mostly obligate anaerobes, endospore producers, soil dwelling, and a common food contiminant?

A

Clostridium

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14
Q

What is the phyla and species that has a causative agent for food poisoning and gangrene?

A

Firmicutes, C. Perfringens

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15
Q

What species is a producer of neurotoxin and agent for tetanus?

A

C. Tetani

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16
Q

Which species of the firmicutes phylum causes the T in D-TAP?

A

C. Tetani

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17
Q

What is the producer of botulinum and what phyla is it in?

A

C. Botulinium; Firmicutes

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18
Q

What species of the firmicutes causes hospital infection and severe colitis?

A

C. Difficile

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19
Q

What are the 2 important species in the Genera Streptococcus?

A

S. Pyogenes and S. Pneumoniae

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20
Q

What species of Genera Streptococcus is a B-hemolytic cocci associated with pus production (oyogenic), strep throat

A

S. Pyogenes

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21
Q

What species of the Genera Streptococcus causes pneumonia and respiratory infections?

A

S. Pneumoniae

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22
Q

What genera of the firmicutes phylum has facultative anaerobes that are non-spore formers; it has a significant component of gut microbiome and are starter cultures for yogurt, cheese, and sauerkraut

A

Lactobacillus

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23
Q

What is a species of Lactobacillus that is used for fermentation and is found in the vagina?

A

L. Acidophilus

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24
Q

What is a genera of firmicutes that has a diplicocci arrangement, uses anaerobic respiration, is a commensal gut microbe (resides in gut with no problems unless it goes to urinary tract), and is a common UTI pathogen

A

Enterococcus

25
Q

What species of Enterococcus is a common UTI pathogen?

A

E. faecium

26
Q

What genus of the firmicutes phylum are bacillus shaped aerobes/facultative anaerobes, endospore producers, and is important to industrial microbiology?

A

Genus Bacillus

27
Q

What is the causative agent of B. anthracis and what genus are they found in?

A

Anthrax; bacillus

28
Q

What is a common food poisoning agent of the genus bacillus?

A

B. Cereus

29
Q

What species of the genus bacillus is the producer of insecticide compounds?

A

B. Thuringiensis

30
Q

What genus of the firmicutes phylum are cocci shaped facultative anaerobes, halophilic, and nonmotile?

A

Genus Staphylococcus

31
Q

What are the prominent species of Genus Staphylococcus?

A

S. Aureus and S. Epidermidis

32
Q

Which species of Genus Staphylococcus is a common agent of skin infections, produces enterotoxins for food poisoning, and are very antibiotic resistant?

A

S. Aureus

33
Q

Which species of the genus Staphylococcus causes common flora on skin and infection to open wounds

A

S. Epidermidis

34
Q

What phylum does the genus mycoplasma belong to and is described as pleomorphic, extremely small, classified by genome, and doesn’t allow cell wall antibiotics to work?

A

Tenericutes phylum

35
Q

What genus has no cell wall and doesn’t retain crystal violet?

A

Genus Mycoplasma

36
Q

What species of Genus Mycoplasma is a causative agent for walking pneumonia?

A

M. Pneumoniae

37
Q

What are virulent phages?

A

Leads to death of host cell thru lysis

38
Q

What are temperate (latent) phages?

A

Become part of host genome until induced to start making new viruses (progeny viruses)

39
Q

What are the 5 steps of the lytic cycle of virulent phages?

A

Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and lysis

40
Q

Which cycle is described when the phage infects the cell, the viral DNA becomes incorporated into the host genome, the cell divides and the prophage DNA is passed onto daughter cells, the prophage DNA is excised (induction) under stressful conditions from the bacterial chromosome and then enters the lytic cycle.

A

Lysogenic Cycle of temperate phages

41
Q

How can genetic material be transferred between bacterial cells?

A

Through transduction

42
Q

What is it called when DNA is random when transferred during lytic cycle?

A

generalized transduction

43
Q

What is it called when it occurs at end of lysogenic cycle and can transfer host DNA too?

A

Specialized transduction

44
Q

What are the 5 steps of specialized phage transduction?

A
  1. Viral attachment and penetration, 2. Integration, 3. Excision, 4. Infection, 5. Recombination
45
Q

What are the 3 difference between the viral life cycle of eukaryotes and phage life cycle?

A

Mechanism of penetration, nucleic acid biosynthesis, and release of viral particles (lysis or budding)

46
Q

How do animal viruses enter after binding to host receptors?

A

Endocytosis or membrane fusion

47
Q

What are examples of tissue specific (tissue tropism) animal viruses?

A

Poliovirus- brain and spinal cord tissues
Influenza virus- respiratory tract tissue

48
Q

What are the steps of the viral life cycle of eukaryotes?

A
  1. Attachment: influenza virus becomes attached to a target a epithelial cell; 2. Penetration: the cell engulfs the virus by endocytosis; 3. Uncoating: Viral contents are released; 4. Biosynthesis: Viral RNA enters the nucleus, where it is replicated by the viral RNA polymerase; 5. Assembly: New phage particles are assembled; 6.Release: New viral particles are made and released into the extracellular fluid (the cell, which is not killed in the process, continues to make new viruses)
49
Q

What happens to ssDNA when dictating how proteins and nuclei acids are replicated?

A

Complementary strand is synthesized and then normal flow

50
Q

What happens to + ssRNA when dictating how proteins and nuclei acids are replicated?

A

Acts like normal mRNA

51
Q

What happens to -ssRNA when dictating how proteins and nuclei acids are replicated?

A

Converted to +ssRNA through viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

52
Q

What is retrovirus?

A

uses reverse transcriptase enzyme to synthesize complementary ssDNA from +ssRNA template

53
Q

What is the difference between provirus and prophage?

A

Provirus is an integrated viral genome of the animal virus and prophage is the viral DNA of a bacteriophage

54
Q

What is an example of a virus going through reverse transcription of +ssRNA?

A

HIV and hepatitis

55
Q

What are latent infections and what is an example?

A

Viruses remain hidden in host cell after initial infection; herpes simplex virus

56
Q

What are chronic infections and what is an example?

A

Occurs when host cannot successfully eradicate virus; HIV becomes chronic after latency period

57
Q

What type of genomes do most plant viruses have?

A

+ssRNA

58
Q

How are plant viruses usually transferred?

A

Via insect/fungal mechanical vectors

Microbiology for Nursing (16 decks)

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