14.1, 14.3

Question 1

What are the prominent drugs in B-lactams

Answer 1

Penicillin, cephalosporin, monobactam, carbapenem

Question 2

Presence of lactam ring and is similar to peptidoglycan subunit makes it a _____

Answer 2

B-lactams

Question 3

Which B-lactams derives from fungi; mostly against G+, some G- ?

Answer 3

Penicillins

Question 4

Which B-lactams are similar to penicillins; resistance to B-lactamases

Answer 4

Cephalosporins

Question 5

Which B-lactams is broad spectrum against G+/G- ?

Answer 5

Carbapenems

Question 6

Which B-lactams is narrow spectrum, G- only

Answer 6

Monobactams

Question 7

What is the MOA of B-lactams?

Answer 7

inhibitors of cell wall synthesis; blocks cross-linking of peptide chains in new peptidoglycan

Question 8

What cell wall drugs binds to end of peptide chain to block subunits from adding to peptidoglycan backbone; G+ only

Answer 8

Vancomycin

Question 9

What cell wall drugs is derived from B. Subtilis; blocks transport of peptidoglycan precursors ?

Answer 9

Bacitracin

Question 10

What inhibitors of protein synthesis bind to 30S subunit of ribosome and impair “proofreading” ability

Answer 10

Aminioglycosides

Question 11

What is streptoycin, gentamicin, and neomycin examples of?

Answer 11

Aminoglycosides

Question 12

What inhibitor of protein synthesis bind to 30S; blocks association of tRNA with ribosome

Answer 12

Tetracyclines

Question 13

What 3 inhibitors of protein synthesis binds to 50S subunit and inhibit peptide bond formation in specific combos of amino acids?

Answer 13

Macrolides, Lincosamides, Chloramphenicol

Question 14

Macrolides’ spectrum? Cidal or static?

Answer 14

Broad spectrum, -static

Question 15

What inhibitor of protein synthesis has a narrow spectrum; -static; particularly active against streptococcal and staphylococcal infections?

Answer 15

Lincosamides

Question 16

Which inhibitor of protein synthesis is broad spectrum; static; rarely used now because of serious side effects

Answer 16

Chloramphenicol

Question 17

What inhibitor of Protein synthesis binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit and interferes with association of 30S and other factors? What spectrum and is it static or cidal?

Answer 17

Oxazolidinones; broad spectrum, -static

Question 18

What inhibitor of membrane function is lipophilic and interacts with LPS to disrupt outer and inner membrane of Gram (-) and targets host membranes?

Answer 18

Polymyxins

Question 19

Which inhibitor of membrane function is a cyclic lipopeptide that inserts and disrupts Gram + membrane?

Answer 19

Daptomycin

Question 20

Which inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis interferes w/ DNA replication; not very selective in toxicity? What spectrum and is it cidal or static?

Answer 20

metronidazole; broad spectrum, -cidal

Question 21

What inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis blocks RNA polymerase activity; can treat semi-dormant M. Tuberculosis; BUT can be antagonistic and hepatotoxic? What spectrum (effect on G+/G-); cidal or static

Answer 21

Rifampin; narrow spectrum, cidal

Question 22

Which inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis inhibits DNA gyrase enzyme; selective toxicity but many side effects? What type of spectrum; cidal or static?

Answer 22

Fluoroquinolones; broad spectrum; cidal

Question 23

What inhibitor of metabolic pathways halts folic acid synthesis and production of pyrimidines and purines; often used trimethoprim? What spectrum; static or cidal?

Answer 23

Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs); Broad spectrum; static alone

Question 24

Which inhibitor of metabolic pathways inhibits later stage of folic acid synthesis? What is combined with this to make it cidal?

Answer 24

Trimethoprim; sulfamethoxalzale

Question 25

Which inhibitor of metabolic pathways involves specific toxicity for mycobacteria to block synthesis of mycolic acid

Answer 25

Isoniazid

Question 26

Which inhibitor of ATP Synthase inhibits mycobacterial growth; exact mechanisms is unknown but evidence shows interference with ATP synthase and reducing available ATP

Answer 26

Diarylquinolines

Question 27

When did ancestors use antimicrobials

Answer 27

350 AD

Question 28

When were the first drugs developed by science?

Answer 28

Early 1900s

Question 29

What is it called when theres drugs that target living cells and tissues? Are antimicrobial drugs are categorized in this term?

Answer 29

Chemotherapy; yes, they target microbes

Question 30

Who scanned through 600 arsenic compounds to find cure for syphilis w/o killing host and found a compound that targeted treponema pallidum and established modern drug discovery methods?

Answer 30

Paul Ehrlich

Question 31

Who used synthetic dye, prontosil, to treat strep infections and what did this 1st synthetic antimicrobial open the door for?

Answer 31

Josef, Klarer, Fritz Mietzch, and Gerhard Domagk; sulfa drugs and other synthetic antimicrobials

Question 32

Who accidentally discovered antibiotic from Penicillium notatum growing on bacterial agar plate w/ Staphylococci (1928)?

Answer 32

Alexander Flemming

Question 33

What was the first natural antibiotic?

Answer 33

Penicillin

Question 34

Who used X-rays to analyze the structure of penicillin and what was it used for?

Answer 34

Dorthy Hodgkins; used to create modified penicillins (semisynthetic antimicrobial)

Question 35

Who studied soil microbes and discovered several antimicrobials and what are the source of >50% of natural antibiotics?

Answer 35

Selman Waksman; actinomycetes