16.2/15.1 Flashcards
What is called when a condition where normal structure and/or function are damaged or impaired?
Disease
What is an invasion of pathogen or parasite that lead to disease?
Infection
What are things that can be directly measured by clinician
Signs
What are things felt by patient that cannot be clinically measured
Symptoms
What does it mean when a patient are asymptomatic/subclinical?
A patient is showing no symptoms, so only signs can be observed thru correct testing
What is WHO for?
Used globally to classify and monitor disease
What is it called when it’s a disease caused by direct effect of a pathogen
Infectious
What is called when it’s capable of spreading person-to-person (contagious easily spread)
Communicable
What is called when it’s acquired as result of medical procedure
Iatrogenic
What is it called when it’s acquired from hospital setting
Nosocomial
What is it called when it’s acquired from animal
Zoonotic
What is it called when it’s obtained from non-living things such as soil or contaminated objects?
Non-communicable
What is it called if it’s not caused by pathogen?
Non-infectious
What are the 5 stages of disease?
- Incubation
- Prodromal
- Illness
- Decline
- Convalescence
Which stage of disease occurs when there is initial entry of pathogen and replication begins
Incubation
Which stage of disease occurs where replication continues and host shows signs and symptoms?
Prodromal
Which stage of disease occurs where signs and symptoms are most severe in the host?
Illness
Which stage of disease occurs where pathogen no. start to decrease; the host’s immune system is weak and vulnerable to secondary infection
Decline
Which stage of disease occurs when host starts to recover
Convalescence
What is acute disease?
lasts relatively short (hrs, days, week)
What is Chronic disease?
lasts longer time (months, years, lifetime)
What is latent disease?
Comes in episodes; the pathogen replicates when the disease is active (“comes and go”)
Who was the father of epidemiology that had a study that led to the discovery of the contaminated water pump on Broad street was responsible for the 1854 cholera London epidemic?
John Snow
What spread pattern is it called when there is a single source for all infected individuals?
Common Source
What spread pattern is it called when it’s a common source that exists for short time?
Point source
What spread pattern is it called when it’s a continuous contamination?
Continuous contamination
What spread pattern is it called if it’s on and off?
Intermittent source
What spread pattern is it called when it’s direct or indirect person-to-person contact?
Propagated
Who was a Crimean War nurse who kept records of soldier illness and death and determined many deaths were from poor sanitation, not battle?
Florence Nightingale
Who used epidemiology data of handwashing for better healthcare practices and used carbolic acid as disinfectant?
Joseph Lister
What is under observational epidemiology studies?
Descriptive
Analytical
- Cohort Method
- Case-Control
- Cross-sectional
What type of study is manipulated?
experimental
Which type of study is not manipulated?
Observational
Which observational study fathers info about a disease outbreak through interviews and examination of medical records; helps develop hypothesis for etiology/causation
Descriptive
Which observational study selects groups to evaluate hypothesis?
Analytical
Which analytical study uses data from past groups; what about data from current subjects moving forward?
Retrospective; Prospective
Which group-based analytical study examines individuals who share a particular characteristic?
Cohort method
Which group-based analytical study compares groups with disease to groups without?
Case-control
Which group-based analytical study has groups randomly selected, compares disease and no disease at a point in time
Cross-sectional
What study uses clinical trials, may have an ethical concern, provide best evidence for etiology, and are usually double-blind studies with humans?
Experimental
