5.1-5.4 Flashcards
the process by which humans alter the landscape in order to raise crops and livestock for consumption and trade
Agriculture
the long term weather patterns in a region
Climate
a type of agriculture when the primary goal is to grow/raise enough food and livestock to meet the immediate needs of farmers and families
Subsistence agriculture
a type of agriculture when the goal is to raise enough crops and livestock to sell for profit
Commercial agriculture
a type of agriculture in which farmers/ranchers use large amounts of inputs(energy,labor,machines,fertilizer) to maximize yeilds
Intensive agriculture
a type of agriculture in which they use fewer amounts of inputs and typically result in less yields
Extensive agriculture
a type of agriculture in which they use heavy investments in labor and capital, which results in high yields and profit
Intensive commercial agriculture
a type of intensive agriculture that is labor and animal intensive using low paid human labor and NOT machines
Intensive subsistence agriculture
a type of agriculture where few inputs are used, that is often used in climate extremes. Examples of this are nomadic herding, and shifting cultivation
Extensive subsistent agriculture
a type of extensive agriculture where theres a low input of resources with a goal of selling for profit
Extensive commercial agriculture
the money invested in land,equipment, and machines
Capital
a type of subsidence agriculture that is practiced in arid and semi-arid climates, and relys on animals. Farmers move their herds to different pastures
Pastoral nomadism
a type of subsistent extensive farming where farmers grow crops on a piece of land for a year or two then move to a new land
Shifting cultivation
this type of intensive commercial agriculture used a large commercial farm that specializes in one crop, and exploits low wage labor
Plantation
an intensive commercial, integrated system that demonstrates independence between crops and animals
Mixed crop and livestock farming
a type of farming where wheat is produced in dry regions like prairies and plain
Grain farming
a type of intensive farming, where traditional crops are driven to local markets and solf. Now because of refrigeration, these products can be sold to distant markets. Also called truck farming
Commercial gardening
A type of intensive farming where fruits and vegetables are grown near an urban local market and sold to local suppliers,stores, and restaurants
Market gardening
a type of farming that originally was local to small geographic area, now its different due to refrigeration and transportation
Dairy farming
the geographic distance that milk is delivered
Milk shed
a type of farming practiced in regions with hot dry summers,mild winters, and narrow valleys with some irrigation
Mediterranean agriculture
the seasonal herding of animals from higher elevations in summer and lower elevations in the winter
Transhumance
commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area, typically in areas too dry to grow crops in large quantities
Livestock ranching
groups of homes located near each other in a village with a strong sense of place and services
Clustered(Nucleated) settlements
patterns in which farmers lived in homes spread throughout the countryside
Dispersed settlements
patterns in which buildings and human activities are organized close to a body of water or along transportation routes
Linear settlements
a way of describing plot boundaries
Metes and bounds
surveys that create rectangular plots of consistent size
Public land survey system/Township and range system
areas six miles long and six miles wide
Township
each square mile of a township that consists of 640 acres
Section
an area where farms were long, thin, sections of land that ran perpendicular to rivers
ex.Quebec, and Louisiana
French long-lot system
the origin of farming when plants and animals were domesticated, the main type of farming was subsistence
First(neolithic) agriculture revolution
when dogs and horses were used for protection, work, and transportation
Animal domestication
when people first started using parts of stems or roots of existing plants to grow others
Plant domestication
The first major hearth of agriculture
Fertile crescent
when crops and animals were domesticated in multiple regions with seemingly no interaction among the people
Independent innovation
the global movement of plants and animals between afro-eurasia and the americas
Colombian exchange
during this time food supply grew as well as the population, mechanized and improved knowledge of fertilizers helped this
Second agriculture revolution
a series of laws enacted by the british government that enable land owners to purchase and enclose land for their own use
Enclosure acts
the technique of planting different crops in a specific sequence on the same plot of land in order to restore nutrients back into the soil
Crop rotation
the process of applying controlled amounts of water to crops using canals,pipes,sprinklers,systems, or other human made devices rather than relying on rainfall
Irrigation
