4th Edition Spanish 2 Ch. 6 Flashcards
The future
The future
The future tense (el futuro) uses the same endings for all -ar, -er, and -ir verbs. For regular verbs, the endings are added to the infinitive.
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Hablar- to speak
Hablaré, hablarás, hablará, hablaremos, hablaréis, hablarán
Deber- to drink
Deberé, deberás, deberá, deberemos, deberéis, deberán.
Abrir- to open
Abriré, abrirás, abrirá, abriremos, abriréis, abrirán
Caber
Cabré, cabrás, cabrá, cabremos, cabréis, cabrán
Haber
Habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis, habrán
Poder
Podré, podrás, podrá, podremos, podréis, podrán
Querer
Querré, querrás, querrá, querremos, querréis, querrán
Saber
Sabré, sabrás, sabrá, sabremos, sabréis, sabrán
Poner
Pondré, pondrás, pondrá, pondremos, pondréis, pondrán
Salir
Saldré, saldrás, saldrá, saldremos, saldréis, saldrán
Tener
Tendré, tendrás, tendrá, tendremos, tendréis, tendrán
Valer
Valdrè, valdrás, valdrá, valdremos, valdréis, valdrán.
Venir
Vendré, vendrás, vendrá, vendremos, vendréis, vendrán
Decir
Diré, dirás, dirá, diremos, diréis, dirán
Hacer
Haré, harás, hará, haremos, haréis, harán
Satisfacer
Satisfaré, satisfarás, satisfará, satisfaremos, satisfaréis, satisfarán
Poner
Pondré
Proponer
Propondré
In Spanish, as in English, the future tense is one of many ways to express actions or conditions that will happen in the future.
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Present indicative
Present indicative
Conveys a sense of certainty that the action will occur.
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Llegan a la costa mañana
They arrive at the coast tomorrow.
Present subjunctive
Present subjunctive
Refers to an action that has yet to occur: used after verbs of will and influence.
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Prefiero que lleguen a la costa mañana.
I prefer that they arrive at the coast tomorrow.
Ir a + [infinitive]
Ir a + [infinitive]
Expresses the near future; is commonly used in everyday speech.
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Van a llegar a la costa mañana.
They are going to arrive at the coast tomorrow.
Future tense
Future tense
Expresses an action that will occur; often implies more certainty than ir a + [infinitive]
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Llegarán a la costa mañana.
They will arrive at the coast tomorrow.
The English word will can refer either to future time or to someone’s willingness to do something. To express willingness, Spanish uses the verb querer + [infinitive], not the future tense.
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¿Quieres contribuir a la protección del medio ambiente?
Will you contribute to the protection of the environment?
Quiero ayudar, pero no sé por dónde empezar.
I’ll help, but I don’t know where to begin.
In Spanish, the future tense may be used to express conjecture or probability, even about present events. English expresses this sense in various ways, such as wonder, bet, must, be, may, might, and probably.
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¿Qué hora será?
I wonder what time it is.
Ya serán las dos de la mañana.
It must be two a.m. by now.
¿Lloverá mañana?
Do you think it will rain tomorrow?
Probablemente tendremos un poco de sol y un poco de viento.
It’ll probably be a bit sunny and windy.
When the present subjunctive follows a conjunction of time like cuando, después (de) que, en cuanto, hasta que, and tan pronto como, the future tense is often used in the main clause of the sentence.
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Nos quedaremos lejos de la costa hasta que pase el huracán.
We’ll stay far from the coast until the hurricane passes.
En cuanto termine de llover, regresaremos a casa.
As soon as it stops raining, we’ll go back home.
Tan pronto como salga el sol, iré a la playa a tomar fotos.
As soon as the sun comes up, I’ll go to the beach to take fotos.
The subjunctive in adverbial
The subjunctive in adverbial clauses
In Spanish, adverbial clauses are commonly introduced by conjunctions. Certain conjunctions require the subjunctive, while others can be followed by the subjunctive or the indicative, depending on the context in which they are used.
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Certain conjunctions are always followed by the subjunctive because they introduce actions or states that are uncertain or have not yet happened. These conjunctions commonly express purpose, condition, or intent.
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Main clause
Se acabará el petróleo en pocos años.
Connector
A menos que
Subordinate clause
Encontremos energías alternativas.
A menos que
Unless
Antes (de) que
Before
Con tal (de) que
Provided that
En caso (de) que
In case
Para que
So that
Sin que
Without; unless
El gobierno se prepara en caso de que haya una gran sequía el verano que viene.
The government is getting ready in case there is a big drought next summer.
A menos que haga mal tiempo, iremos, a la montaña el próximo miércoles.
We will go to the mountains next Wednesday unless the weather is bad.
Debemos proteger a los animales salvajes antes de que se extingan.
We should protect wild animals before they become extinct.
If there is no change of subject in the sentence, a subordinate clause is not necessary. Instead, the prepositions antes de, con tal de, en caso de, para, and sin can be used, followed by the infinitive. The connector que is not necessary in this case.
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Las organizaciones ecologistas trabajan para proteger los arrecifes de coral.
Environmental organizations work to protect coral reefs.
Tienes que pedir permiso antes de darles de comer a los monos del zoológico.
You need to get permission before feeding the monkey at the zoo.
If the action in the main clause has not yet occurred, then the subjunctive is used after conjunctions of time or concession.
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A pesar de que
Despite
Apenas
As soon as
Aunque
Although; even if
Cuando
When
Después (de) que
After
En cuanto
As soon as
Hasta que
Until
Luego que
As soon as
Mientras que
While
Ni/no bien
As soon as
Siempre que
As long as
Tan pronto como
As soon as
La excursión no saldrá hasta que estemos todos.
The tour will not leave until we all are here.
Dejaremos libre al pájaro en cuanto el veterinario nos diga que puede volar.
We will set the bird free as soon as the vet tells us it can fly.
Aunque me digan que es inofensivo, no me accercaré al perro.
Even if they tell me he’s harmless, I’m not going near the dog.
Cuando Pedro vaya a cazar, tendrá cuidado con las serpientes venenosas.
When Pedro goes hunting, he will watch out for the poisonous snakes.
Te mando un mensaje de texto apenas lleguemos al aeropuerto.
I’ll text you as soon as we get to the airport.
If the action in the main clause has already happened, or happens habitually, then the indicative is used in the adverbial clause.
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Tan pronto como empezó a llover, Matías salió a jugar al parque.
As soon as it started to rain, Matías went out to play in the park.
Mi padre y yo siempre nos lo pasamos bien cuando estamos juntos.
My father and I always have fun when we are together.
Prepositions: a, hacia, and con
Prepositions: a, hacia, and con
The preposition a can mean to, at, for, upon, within, of, from, or by, depending on the context. Sometimes it has no direct translation in English.
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Terminó a las doce.
It ended at midnight.
Lucy estaba a mi derecha.
Lucy was on my right.
El Mar Caribe está a doscientas cincuenta millas de aquí.
The Caribbean Sea is two hundred and fifty miles from here.
Le compré un pájaro exótico a Juan.
I bought an exotic bird from/for Juan.
Al llegar a casa, me sentí feliz.
Upon returning home, I felt happy.
Fui a casa de mis padres para ayudarlos después de la inundación.
I went to my parents’ house to help them after the flood.
The preposition a introduces indirect objects.
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Le prometió a su hijo que irían a navegar.
He promised his son they would go sailing.
Hoy, en el zoo, le di de comer a un conejo.
Today, in the zoo, I fed a rabbit.
The preposition a can be used to give commands or make suggestions.
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¡A comer!
Let’s eat!
¡A dormir!
Time for bed!
When a direct object noun is a per (or a pet), it is preceded by the personal a, which has no equivalent in English. The personal a is also used with the words alguien, nadie, and alguno and ninguno.
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¿Viste a tus amigos en el parque?
Did you see your friends in the park?
No, no he visto a nadie.
No, I haven’t seen anyone.
The personal a is not used when the person in question is not specific.
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La organización ambiental busca voluntarios.
The environmental organization is looking for volunteers.
Sí, necesitan voluntarios para limpiar la costa.
Yes, they need volunteers to clean the coast.
With movement, either literal or figurative, hacia means toward or to.
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La actitud de Manuel hacia mí fue negativa.
Manuel’s attitude toward me was negative.
Las ballenas se dirigen hacia el Golfo de México en otoño.
Whales head toward the Gulf of Mexico in the fall.
With time, hacia means approximately, around, about, or toward.
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El programa que queremos ver empieza hacia las 8.
The show that we want to watch will begin around 8:00.
La televisión se hizo popular hacia la segunda mitad del siglo XX.
Televisión became popular toward the second half of the twentieth century.
The preposition con means with.
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Me gustaría hablar con el director del departamento.
I would like to speak with the director of the department.
Es una organización ecologista con muchos miembros.
It’s an environmental organization with lots of members.
Many English adverbs can be expressed in Spanish with con + [noun].
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Habló del tema con cuidado.
She spoke about the issue carefully.
Hablaba con cariño.
He spoke affectionately.
The preposition con isla also used rhetorically to emphasize the value or the quality of something or someone, contrary to a given fact or situation. In this case, con conveys surprise at an apparent conflict between two known facts. In English, the words but, even though, and in spite of are used.
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Los turistas tiraron basura por el suelo.
The tourists threw garbage on the floor.
¡Con lo limpio que estaba todo!
But the place was so clean!
If con is followed by mi or to, it forms a contraction: conmigo, contigo
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¿Quieres venir conmigo al campo?
Do you want to come with me to the countryside?
Por supuesto que quiero ir contigo.
Of course I want to go with you.
Consigo is the contraction of con + usted/ustedes or con + él/ella/ellos/ellas. Consigo is equivalent to the English with himself/herself/yourself or with themselves/yourselves, and is commonly followed by mismo. It is only used when the subject of the sentence is the same person referred to after con.
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Están satisfechos consigo mismos.
They are satisfied with themselves.
Cristina no está feliz consigo misma.
Cristina is not happy with herself.
Fui al cine con él.
I went to the movies with him.
Prefiero ir al parque con usted.
I prefer going to the park with you.
