4th Edition Spanish 2, Ch. 1 Flashcards
The present tense
The present tense
The present tense (el presente) of regular verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, or -ir) and adding personal endings.
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Hablar- to speak
Hablo, hablas, habla, hablamos, habláis, hablan
Beber- to drink
Bebo, bebes, bebe, bebemos, bebéis, beben
Vivir- to live
Vivo, vives, vive, vivimos, vivís, viven
The present tense is used to express actions or situations that are going on at the present time and to express general truths.
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¿Por qué rompes conmigo?
Why are you breaking up with me?
Porque no te amo.
Because I don’t love you.
The present tense is also used to express habitual actions that will take place in the near future.
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Mis padres me escriben con frecuencia.
My parents write to me often.
Mañana les mando una carta larga.
Tomorrow I’m sending them a long letter.
Some verbs have stem changes in the present tense. In many -ar and -er verbs, e changes to ie, and o changes to ue. In some -ir verbs, e changes to i. The nosotros/as and vosotros/as forms never have a stem change in the present tense.
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Pensar- to think
Pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, pensáis, piensan,
Poder- to be able to; can
Puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podéis, pueden
Pedir- to ask for
Pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden
Ser and estar
Ser and estar
Ser is used with adjectives to describe inherent, expected qualities. Estar is used to describe temporary or variable qualities, or a change in appearance or condition.
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¿Cómo son tus padres?
What are your parents like?
La casa es muy pequeña.
The house is very small.
¿Cómo estás, Miguel?
How are you, Miguel?
¡Están tan enojados!
They’re very angry!
With most descriptive adjectives, either ser and estar can be used, but the meaning of each statement is different.
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Julio es alto.
Julio is tall.
Dolores es alegre.
Dolores is cheerful. (That is, a cheerful person)
Juan Carlos es un hombre guapo.
Juan Carlos is a handsome man.
¡Qué alto está Miguelito!
Miguelito is getting so tall!
El jefe está alegre hoy. ¿Qué le pasa?
The boss is cheerful today. What’s up with him?
¡Manuel, estás muy guapo!
Manuel, you look so handsome!
Some adjectives have two different meanings depending on whether they are used with ser or estar.
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Ser
Ser
La clase de contabilidad es aburrida.
Accounting class is boring.
Ese chico es listo.
The boy is smart.
No soy rico, pero vivo bien.
I’m not rich, but I live well.
La actriz es buena.
The actress is good.
Este coche es seguro.
This car is safe.
Los aguacates son verdes.
Avocados are green.
Javier es muy vivo.
Javier is very bright.
Pedro es un hombre libre.
Pedro is a free man.
Estar
Estar
Estoy aburrida de la clase.
I am bored with the class.
Estoy listo para todo.
I’m ready for anything.
¡El pan está tan rico!
The bread is so delicious!
La actriz está buena.
The actress is good-looking.
Juan no está seguro de sí mismo.
Juan isn’t sure of himself.
Está banana está verde.
This banana is not ripe.
¿Todavía está vivo el autor?
Is the author still alive?
Esta noche no estoy libre. ¡Lo siento!
Tonight I am not available. Sorry!
Progressive forms
Progressive forms
The present progressive (el presente progresivo) narrates an action in progress. It is formed with the present tense of estar and the present participle (el gerundio) of the main verb.
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Éric está cantando.
Éric is singing.
Aguayo está bebiendo café.
Aguayo is drinking coffee.
Fabiola está escríbiendo.
Fabiola is writing. The
The present participle of regular -ar, -er, and -ir verbs is formed.
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Bailar-to dance
Bailando
Comer-to eat
Comiendo
Aplaudir-to applaud
Aplaudiendo
Stem-changing verbs that end in -ir also change their stem vowel when they form the present participle.
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Decir-to say
Diciendo
Dormir-to sleep
Durmiendo
Mentir-to lie
Mintiendo
Morir-to die
Muriendo
Pedir-to ask
Pidiendo
Sentir-to regret
Sintiendo
Sugerir-to hint
Sugiriendo
Ir, poder, reír, and sonreír have irregular present participles (yendo, pudiendo, riendo, sonriendo). Ir and poder are seldom used in the present progressive.
True
Marisa siempre está sonriendo.
Marisa is always smiling.
Maribel no está yendo a clase últimamente.
Maribel isn’t going to class lately.
When the stem of an -er or -ir verb ends in a vowel, the -i- of the present participle ending changes to -y-.
True
Construir-to construct
Construyendo
Leer- to read
Leyendo
Oír- to hear
Oyendo
Traer- to bring
Trayendo
Progressive forms are used frequently in Spanish than in English, and only when emphasizing that an action is in progress at the moment described. To refer to actions that occur over a period of time or in the near future, Spanish uses the present tense instead.
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Present tense
Present tense
Lourdes estudia economía en la UNAM.
Lourdes is studying economics at UNAM.
¿Vienes con nosotros al Café Pamplona?
Are you coming with us to Café Pamplona?
Present progressive
Present progressive
Ahora mismo, Lourdes está tomando un examen.
Right now, Lourdes is taking an exam.
No, lo siento. Ya estoy preparando la cena.
No, I’m sorry. I’m already making dinner.
Spanish expresses various shades of progressive action by using verbs such as seguir, continuar, ir, venir, llevar, and andar with the present participle.
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Seguir and continuar with the present participle express the idea of to keep doing something.
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Emilio sigue saliendo con Mercedes.
Emilio is still seeing Mercedes.
Mercedes continúa coqueteando con Carlos.
Mercedes keeps flirting with Carlos.
Ir with the present participle indicates a gradual or repeated process. It often conveys the English idea of more and more.
True
Cada día que pasa voy disfrutando más de esta clase.
I’m enjoying this class more and more every day.
Ana y Juan van acostumbrándose al horario de clase.
Ana and Juan are getting more and more used to the class schedule.
Venir and llevar with the present participle indicates a gradual action that accumulates or increases over time.
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Hace años que viene diciendo cuánto le gusta el béisbol.
He’s been saying how much he likes baseball for years.
Llevo insistiendo en lo mismo desde el principio.
I have been insisting on the same thing from the beginning.
Andar with the present participle conveys the idea of going around doing something or of always doing something.
True
José siempre anda quejándose de todo.
José is always complaining about everything.
Román anda diciendo mentiras.
Román is going around telling lies.
Vocabulario
Vocabulario
Autoritario/a
Strict
Cariñoso/a
Affectionate
Celoso/a
Jealous
Cuidadoso/a
Careful
Falso/a
Insincere
Gracioso/a
Funny
Inseguro/a
Insecure
(In) maduro/a
(I’m) mature
Mentiroso/a
Lying
Orgulloso/a
Proud
Permisivo/a
Permissive
Seguro/a
Sure; confident
Sensato/a
Sensible
Sensible
Sensitive
Tacaño/a
Stingy
Tímido/a
Shy
Tradicional
Traditional
Agobiado/a
Overwhelmed
Ansioso/a
Anxious
Deprimido/a
Depressed
Disgustado/a
Upset
Emocionado/a
Excited
Preocupado/a (por)
Worried (about)
Solo/a
Alone; lonely
Tranquilo/a
Calm
Adorar- to adore
Adoro, adoras, adora, adoramos, adoráis, adoran
Apreciar- to think highly of
Aprecio, aprecias, aprecia, apreciamos, apreciáis, aprecian
Enamorarse (de)
To fall in love (with)
Estar harto/a (de)
To be sick (of)
Odiar
To hate
Sentirse (e:ie)
To feel
Soñar (o:ue) (con)
To dream (about)
Tener celos (de)
To be jealous (of)
Tener vergüenza (de)
To be embarrassed (about)
El/la amado/a
Loved one
El ánimo
Spirit
El cariño
Affection
La cita (a ciegas)
(Blind) date
El compromiso
Commitment
La confianza
Trust; confidence
El desánimo
The state of being discouraged
El divorcio
Divorce
La pareja
Couple; partner
El sentimiento
Feeling
Atraer
To attractive
Coquetear
To flirt
Cuidar
To take care of
Dejar a alguien
To leave someone
Discutir
To argue
Educar
To raise; to bring up
Hacerle caso a alguien
To pay attention to someone
Impresionar
To impress
Llevar…años de (casados)
To be (married) for…years
Llevarse bien/mal fatal
To get along well/badly/terribly
Mantenerse en contacto
To keep in touch
Pasarlo bien/mal/fatal
To have a good/bad/terrible time
Proponer matrimonio
To propose (marriage)
Romper (con)
To break up (with)
Salir (con)
To go out (with)
Soportar a alguien
To put up with someone
Casado/a
Married
Divorciado/a
Divorced
Separado/a
Separated
Soltero/a
Single
Viudo/a
Widowed
La cinta
Tape
La Luz
Light
Alargar
To drag out
Enterarse
To find out
Entretenerse
To be held up
Respirar
To breathe
Pesado/a
Annoying
Precioso/a
Lovely
Turbio/a
Murky
A lo mejor
Maybe
El alma
Soul
El corazón
Heart
La mirada
Gaze
El olvido
Oblivion
Amar
To love
Besar
To kiss
Contentarse con
To be satisfied with
Querer (e:ie)
To love; to want
El cargo
Position
La cima
Height
El sueño
Dream
Convertirse (e:ie) en
To become
Rechazar
To reject
Superar
To overcome
Tomar en cuenta
To take into consideration
Propio/a
Own
Sabio/a
Wise
En contra
Against
