Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy term 2 > Visual pathways > Flashcards

Visual pathways Flashcards

1
Q

What are the reflex pathways in the eye? (2)

A
  1. pupillary light reflex

2. accommodation reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

NOTE

A

be able to label a diagram of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 2 layers of the retina? (2)

A
  1. non-neuronal - pigmented

2. neuronal - photoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

NOTE - know the components of the retina

A
  1. optic nerve
  2. secondary ganglion cells
  3. primary bipolar cells - link photoreceptors to G.cells
  4. photo receptors
  5. pigmented epithelium
  6. interneuron - horizontal
  7. interneuron - amacrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the amacrine interneurone do in the retina?

A

modulates ganglion cells activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does a horizontal interneuron do in the retina?

A

modulates transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why does light have to pass through an array of cells before it reaches the retina?

A

to help reduce the intensity of the light passing towards the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where does the visual pathway run from?

A

retina to cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many neurons are in the chain in the visual pathway?

A

3

like all the others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the primary and secondary neurons in the retina outgrowths of?

A

outgrowth of the diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What cells are in the retina in a visual pathway?

A
  1. photoreceptor
  2. bipolar cells
  3. ganglion cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where do the axons of the ganglion cells run over and where to?

A

run over - retina

to - optic disk/blind spot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the secondary ganglion cells form?

A

optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does the optic nerve travel to in the visual pathway?

A

to lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in thalamus

then via optic radiation to primary visual cortex (occipital lobe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What cranial nerve number is the optic nerve?

A

CN II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the optic nerve an outgrowth of and hence what nervous system is it a part of and what surrounds it?

A

diencephalon

CNS

surrounded by meninges which goes up to the eyeball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the blood supply to the eye?

A

central retinal artery and vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is papilloedema?

A

rise in CSF pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which foramen does the optic nerve pass through?

A

optic canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the optic nerve take with it and what does it form in the eyeball?

A

takes a layer of dura

forms the sclera

21
Q

What is the CNS an extension of which meninges?

A

extension of pia mater

22
Q

What are the symptoms of papilloedema? (4)

A
  1. headaches
  2. drowsiness
  3. blurred vision
  4. vomitting
23
Q

What does the increase pressure in papilloedema compress and what does this prevent and cause?

A

compress - central retinal vein

prevents - venous drainage from the eye

cause - swelling of the optic disk

24
Q

NOTE - learn the components of the visual pathway - retina to cortex (7)

A
  1. optic nerve
  2. retina
  3. optic chiasma
  4. lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
  5. optic radiation
  6. primary visual cortex
  7. optic tract
25
Q

NOTE- know the cerebral topography

A

Lateral aspect of brain

  1. visual cortex
  2. visual association

Medial aspect of the brain

  1. calcarine sulcus
  2. visual association
26
Q

Where does the striate cortex lie in relation to the calcimine sulcus?

A
  1. above and below the calcarine sulcus
27
Q

Does the nasal part of the retina send information contra laterally or ipsilaterally?

A

contralaterally

28
Q

Does the temporal part of the retina send information contra laterally or ipsilaterally?

A

ipsilaterally

29
Q

Where does information from the nasal part and the temporal part first get sent to?

A

LGN - lateral geniculate nucleus

30
Q

NOTE

A

draw out visual pathway

31
Q

Where does the left half of the visual field go?

A

right hemisphere

32
Q

Where does the right half of the visual field go?

A

left hemisphere

33
Q

Where does the upper visual field go?

A

lower bank of the calcarine sulcus

34
Q

Where does the lower visual field go?

A

upper bank of the calcarine sulcus

35
Q

Where does the centre of visual axis (macula) go to?

A

occipital pole

36
Q

In terms of optic radiation, how do fibres of the LGN pass to the upper and lower banks of the calcimine sulcus and what can this allow - give an example?

A

via different pathways

allows prediction of deficits of vision

e.g. Meyers loop

37
Q

What is scotoma?

A

localised patch of blindness

38
Q

What is anopia?

A

refers to the loss of one or more quadrants of the visual field

39
Q

What is hemianopia?

A

half of the visual field is lost

40
Q

What is quadrantanopia?

A

quarter of the visual field is lost

41
Q

What is homonymous?

A

visual field losses are similar for both sides

42
Q

What does it mean by heteronymous?

A

visual field losses are different sides

43
Q

Do all optic tracts go to the LGN?

A

no - 10% take a medial root to the pre-tactal area - midbrain

44
Q

What is the pupillary light reflex?

A

ability of both pupils to respond (constrict or dilate) dependent on the level of light the retina receives

45
Q

What 2 cranial nerves does the pupillary light reflex use and star whether they are afferent or efferent?

A
  1. optic nerve - afferent root

2. oculomotor nerve - efferent root

46
Q

What are the 2 components of the pupillary light reflex?

A
  1. direct component - light in on eye and the same pupil constricts
  2. consensual component - light in one eye other pupil constricts
47
Q

What nucleus does the pupillary light reflex concern?

A

Edinger- Westphal nucleus

48
Q

NOTE

A

understand the pupillary light reflex

49
Q

NOTE

A

understand visual defects

Anatomy term 2 (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions