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A Level Biology 1 > 4.2 3 domains and phylogeny > Flashcards

4.2 3 domains and phylogeny Flashcards

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1
Q

what happens to classification systems as we learn more about organisms?

A

they change

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2
Q

what changes as organisms evolve?

A

their internal and external features as well as their DNA

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3
Q

scientists can discover evolutionary relationships by comparing similarities in what?

A

organisms DNA and proteins

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4
Q

what domain system did Carl Woese develop?

A

the 3 domain system

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5
Q

in the 3 domain system organisms are grouped using differences in what?

A

sequences of nucleotides in cells rRNA
cell membrane lipid structure
sensitivity to antibiotics

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6
Q

from the 60s organisms have been classified in which system?

A

5 kingdom system

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7
Q

in the 5 kingdom system what are organism groups based on?

A

common physical characteristics

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8
Q

what are the 3 domains in the 3 domain system?

A

archaea
bacteria
eukarya

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9
Q

how many kingdoms are in the 3 domain system?

A

6

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10
Q

what does the eukarya domain consist of?

A

80s ribosomes

RNA polymerase contains12 proteins

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11
Q

what does the archara domain consist of?

A

70s ribosomes

RNA polymerase contains- 10 proteins similar to eukaryotic ribosomes

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12
Q

what does the bacteria domain consist of?

A

70s ribosomes

RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins

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13
Q

archaea domain contains which kingdom?

A

archaebacteria kingdom

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14
Q

the bacteria domain contains which kingdom?

A

eubacteria kingdom

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15
Q

the eukarya domain contains which kingdoms?

A

Protista
fungi
plantae
animalia

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16
Q

what are archaebacteria?

A

ancient bacteria

17
Q

where can archaebacteria live? give examples.

A

extreme environments

e.g. hot thermal conditions, acidic environments, anaerobic conditions

18
Q

give an example of archaebacteria surviving in extreme environments:

A

methanogens in sewage treatment plants (anaerobic conditions)

19
Q

where are eubacteria found?

A

found in all environments

20
Q

(Phylogeny) what is phylogeny the study of?

A

How closely different species are related - the evolutionary relationship between them

21
Q

(Phylogeny) phylogeny is used as a basis for what?

A

Classification

22
Q

(Phylogeny) what is a phylogeny tree?

A

Diagram used to represent evolutionary relationships between organisms

23
Q

(Phylogeny) the closer related the species the closer they appear where?

A

On the tree

24
Q

(Phylogeny) what are found at the base of the tree and what are found at the tips?

A

Base - earliest species

Tips - most recent species

25
Q

(Phylogeny) trees are produced by looking at differences in what?

A

Species physical characteristics and genetic makeup

26
Q

(Phylogeny) the set of organisms in the tree is known as what?

A

A taxa

27
Q

(Phylogeny) the tips of the tree represent group of descendant what?

A

Taxa- often species

28
Q

(Phylogeny) noses of the tree represent what?

A

Common ancestors of the descendants

29
Q

(Phylogeny) two descendants splitting from the same group are known as what?

A

Sister groups

30
Q

(Phylogeny) what is the outgroup?

A

Taxon outside the group of interest, less closely related

31
Q

(Phylogeny) what does phylogeny consider in classifying animals?

A

Their genes

32
Q

Give an example of wrong classification based on physical appearance:

A

Dolphins classified as fish when they are mammals

33
Q

(Phylogeny) phylogenic classification is useful as it takes into account what?

A

Evolutionary relationships not visible by physical characteristics

34
Q

(Phylogeny) advantage - groups shown according to what rather than being hierarchical?

A

Shown according to evolutionary position so their evolutionary relationships can be compared

35
Q

(Phylogeny) advantage - classification forms a continuous tree so organisms don’t have to be forced into what?

A

Groups they don’t fit in

A Level Biology 1 (102 decks)

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