4 D's

Question 1

Deviance

Answer 1

behaviours and emotions that are not seen as the norm in society and so are seen as unacceptable. for example paranoid individuals may have hallucinations

Question 2

Distress

Answer 2

subjective experience of the individual when the behaviour is causing high levels of negative feelings. for example paranoid individuals may experience extreme anxiety.

Question 3

Dysfunction

Answer 3

unable to partake in everyday activities due to significant interference for example a paranoid individual may avoid going into town cuz mafia

Question 4

Danger

Answer 4

putting their own or others life at risk so requires intervention. for example may harm themselves or others due to hallucinations.

Question 5

:) davis (2009)

Answer 5

difficult to judge when a persons behaviour is problematic enough to become a clinical diagnosis. the 4 d’s can help by matching it to the dsm criteria. T/F the 4 d’s have practical applications as they are used by practitioners and can help them to see when a condition might need dsm diagnosis.

Question 6

:) validity of the dsm

Answer 6

various diagnoses using the dsm are shown to focus on different d’s showing each has value. for example fastidious disorder is when an individual will fake illness or psychological trauma to receive medical attention. This clearly indicates deviance from the norma aswell as distress felt by the individual from faking illness. danger may be present as they may harm themselves in order to validate their claims dysfunction may incur as the individual will be focused on creating an illness they may not sufficiently partake in life. T/F this supports the validity of the dsm as a diagnostic classification system as it clearly measures a diagnosis in disorders

Question 7

:( subjective application of the 4 D’s

Answer 7

no clear measure of each d. what one professional views as dysfunctional such as not going to work, might not be considered dysfunctional by the individual themselves or even another professional. T/F this reduces the validity of using the 4’s as it requires subjective interpretation of the clinicians perceptions and can lead to wrong labelling

Question 8

:( davis - a fifth D

Answer 8

duration is the length of time an individual has had the symptoms. for example having an excessively low mood for 2 days is different to having it for 3 months. T/F the 4 d’s are insufficient in themselves to make a diagnosis