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GSCE Biology > 3rd Form Definition and Key Concepts > Flashcards

3rd Form Definition and Key Concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

cell

A

the basic building block of all living organisms that are made up of organelles

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2
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

a type of cell found in animal, plant, fungi and protoctist cells that contain a nucleus

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3
Q

animals

A

a kingdom where all organisms are multicellular, do not photosynthesize, no cell walls and store their carbohydrates as glycogen

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4
Q

plants

A

multicellular, cells do contain chloroplasts, do photosynthesize, do contain cell walls and store carbohydrates as starch

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5
Q

fungi

A

no photosynthesis, feed via saprotrophic nutrition, composed of mycelium which consists of many hyphae, can be both multi and unicellular (yeast), contain cell walls and store carbohydrates as glycogen

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6
Q

protoctists

A

microscopic, single celled organisms

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7
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

a cell found in the bacteria kingdom that does not contain a nucleus

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8
Q

bacteria

A

single celled, prokaryotic (no nucleus) organisms, contain a cell wall and plasmids

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9
Q

virus

A

a non-living organism that can only reproduce inside host cells (parasitic). they
have no cells and contain a protein coat and nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)

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10
Q

unicellular

A

an organism made up of a single cell (bacteria and protoctista)

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11
Q

amoeba

A

protoctists that live in pond water and resemble animal cells with
chloroplasts

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12
Q

chlorella

A

a protoctist that has features similar to plant cells, e.g. chloroplasts

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13
Q

chloroplast

A

an organelle that is the site of photosynthesis

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14
Q

DNA

A

a double stranded molecule made of nucleotides, wound in a double helix shape, carrying the genetic code

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15
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

a virus that weakens the immune system and can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

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16
Q

influenza

A

an infectious virus that causes the flu

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17
Q

hyphae

A

long filaments of a fungus that contain many nuclei

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18
Q

lactobacillus bulgaricus

A

a rod-shaped bacteria, used to produce yoghurt from milk

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19
Q

MRS H GREN

A

the characteristics an organism must have to be classed as living;
Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity (to their environment), Homeostasis, Growth,
Reproduction, Excretion and Nutrition

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20
Q

mucor

A

a multicellular fungus that has many hyphae

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21
Q

multicellular

A

refers to an organism that is made up of more than one cell. these
organisms are only found in animals, plants and some fungi

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22
Q

mycelium

A

a collection of thread-like hyphae in fungus

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23
Q

pathogens

A

microorganisms that cause disease to its host that can include bacteria,
protoctists, fungi and viruses

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24
Q

photosynthesis

A

a reaction where energy is transferred from the environment to the chloroplasts by light to produce glucose

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25
Q

plasmids

A

loops of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells

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26
Q

plasmodium

A

pathogenic protoctists that cause malaria

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27
Q

pneumococcus

A

a spherical, pathogenic bacteria that causes pneumonia

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28
Q

saprotrophic nutrition

A

the mode of extracellular nutrition in which digestive enzymes are secreted onto food outside of the cell and the products of digestion are absorbed

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29
Q

yeast

A

a single celled fungus

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30
Q

tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

A

a plant pathogen which produces a mosaic pattern on the leaves, infecting chloroplasts and limits plant growth

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31
Q

organelle

A

a specialised structure found inside of cells, e.g. a nucleus

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32
Q

cell

A

the basic building blocks of all living organisms

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33
Q

tissue

A

a collection of cells with similar structure and function

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34
Q

organs

A

collection of tissues performing specific functions

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35
Q

organ system

A

group of organs that work together to form organisms

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36
Q

cell differentiation

A

the process where cells become specialised by producing
different proteins

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37
Q

cell membrane

A

a partially permeable barrier that surrounds the cell (allows some
substances to move in and out of the cell)

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38
Q

cell wall

A

a fully permeable outer layer found in some cells. In plants it is made from cellulose and in fungi, chitin

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39
Q

chloroplast

A

an organelle that is the site of photosynthesis

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40
Q

cytoplasm

A

contains dissolved nutrients and all of the organelles of the cell and the
site of many metabolic reactions

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41
Q

mitochondria

A

an organelle that is the site of aerobic respiration

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42
Q

nucleus

A

an organelle found only in eukaryotic cells and contains the genetic material (DNA) and controls the activities of the cell

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43
Q

ribosomes

A

organelles that are the site of protein synthesis

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44
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated cell that can divide rapidly to produce specialised cells

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45
Q

vacuole

A

found in plant cells, contains dissolved nutrients and supports the shape of the cell

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46
Q

lipids

A

a group of molecules including fats and oils, made from fatty acid chains and glycerol containing the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. can test for them
using the emulsion test

47
Q

proteins

A

large polymers made from amino acids, containing the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and occasionally other elements like sulphur, involved in
repairing and the growth of cells. can test for them using the biuret test

48
Q

amino acids

A

the monomer from which proteins are assembled from

49
Q

starch

A

a carbohydrate made from glucose monomers, containing the elements carbon, oxygen and hydrogen and acts as an energy store in plants. can test for starch
using iodine

50
Q

glycogen

A

a carbohydrate made from glucose that acts as an energy store in animals

51
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that are biological catalysts that increase the rate of reactions by providing an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy

52
Q

active site

A

part of the enzyme that is complementary to the shape of the substrate which can change shape if the enzyme is exposed to extreme pH solutions or high
temperatures. this would result in less enzyme-substrate complexes

53
Q

diffusion

A

the net movement of substances from an area of high to low
concentration, down a concentration gradient and can be across a partially permeable
membrane

54
Q

concentration gradient

A

the difference in concentration between two areas

55
Q

surface area to volume ratio (SA:V)

A

the size of the object compared with the area that is in contact with the environment

56
Q

oseophagus

A

a muscular tube that takes food from the mouth to the stomach

57
Q

alimetary canal

A

the digestive tract running from the mouth to the anus

58
Q

peristalsis

A

the contraction and relaxation of muscles all along the alimentary canal that pushes the food along

59
Q

amylase

A

an enzyme produced in the salivary glands and pancreas that speeds up the breakdown of starch into maltose

60
Q

duodenum

A

the first part of the small intestine where food is broken down by the
pancreatic juices; lipids –> fatty acids + glycerol by lipases, proteins –> peptides/amino acids by proteases such as trypsin and carbohydrates like starch, that
get broken down into maltose by amylase

61
Q

ileum

A

second part of the small intestine where the products of digestion are
absorbed, adapted with one cell thick wall (short diffusion distance), high surface area
(villi and microvilli) and high concentration gradient (capillaries)

62
Q

bile

A

made in the liver, stored in the gall bladder and works in the duodenum where it emulsifies lipids and with pancreatic juices, neutralises stomach acid

63
Q

colon

A

first part of the large intestine where water is reabsorbed

64
Q

lipase

A

an group of enzymes produced in the pancreas that speeds up the
breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

65
Q

maltase

A

an enzyme produced in the small intestine that speeds up the breakdown of maltose into glucose

66
Q

pancreas

A

an organ that produces and secretes enzymes such as amylase, lipases and proteases that make up the pancreatic juices and releases them into the duodenum

67
Q

rectum

A

last part of the large intestine, where faeces are stored

68
Q

stomach

A

food enters here after travelling down the oesophagus. stomach acid makes conditions acidic, perfect for pepsin which works here as it has an optimum pH
of 2. the acid kills any pathogens on the food. muscular walls contract to move food around and increase the chance of food coming into contact with enzymes

69
Q

surface area

A

the total area occupied by the surface of an object, leaves have a large surface area to absorb maximum sunlight

70
Q

villi

A

small, finger like projections on the surface of the ileum that increase surface area for maximum absorption. the walls of the villi are folded themselves (microvilli)
to increase surface area further

71
Q

proteases

A

a group of enzymes that speed up the breakdown of proteins into
peptides/amino acids. an example being pepsin in the stomach with an optimum pH of 2 and other proteases get released into the small intestine from the pancreas

72
Q

photosynthesis

A

an endothermic reaction where energy is transferred from the
environment to the chloroplasts by light from the sun. glucose is made.

73
Q

glucose

A

made during photosynthesis. can be stored as starch, used straight away in respiration or used to make cellulose.

74
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

a tissue found in plant leaves that is specialised for gas exchange
by having air spaces that allow the diffusion of gases to happen quicker

75
Q

stomata

A

small holes found in the lower epidermis that open and close thanks to the guard cells. control the loss of water by closing during the night but open during the
day thanks to the guard cells to allow the diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen

76
Q

waxy cuticle

A

on top of the upper epidermis that is insoluble so waterproofs the leaf
and reduces the evaporation of water but transparent to allow light to pass through

77
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

a tissue found in plant leaves that are specialised to carry out
photosynthesis by being vertically packed to capture more sunlight and to store more chloroplasts

78
Q

aerobic respiration

A

respiration that uses oxygen to release lots of energy from
breaking down glucose. the word equation:
glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water
the chemical equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

79
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

respiration without oxygen, that releases less energy than
aerobic respiration, represented by the word equation:
glucose –> lactic acid

80
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate, a molecule made up of adenine (nitrogenous base, ribose (sugar) and three phosphates. releases energy quickly

81
Q

cellular respiration

A

an exothermic reaction that continuously occurs in cells and
releases energy from nutrients

82
Q

alveoli

A

tiny air sacs in the lungs at the end of the bronchioles where gas exchange occurs. adapted for gas exchange by having thin, moist walls for a short diffusion
distance, folded walls for a larger surface area and capillaries close by to maintain a high concentration gradient

83
Q

bronchi

A

airways branching from the trachea that lead into the lungs

84
Q

bronchioles

A

small airways branching from each bronchi in each lung

85
Q

capillaries

A

thin, narrow blood vessels where the exchange of substances between the blood and tissues occurs, for example o2, glucose, co2

86
Q

diaphragm

A

muscle that contracts and relaxes to change the volume of the thorax
and ultimately the pressure to control inhalation and exhalation

87
Q

intercostal muscles

A

muscles between the ribs that contract and relax to move the
ribcage and change the volume and pressure during inhalation and exhalation

88
Q

pleural membranes

A

airtight membranes covering the lungs and the thorax to
maintain pressure changes and stop the lungs from sticking to the ribcage

89
Q

trachea

A

windpipe connecting the lungs to the mouth and nose. contains lots of cartilage to ensure it stays upright and does not collapse inwards with the pressure
changes

90
Q

aorta

A

the main artery that takes oxygenated blood away from the heart, specifically the left ventricle, to the rest of the body

91
Q

artery

A

type of blood vessel that carries blood under high pressure, away from the heart to the tissues of the body. most arteries carry oxygenated blood apart from the pulmonary artery. arteries have a narrow lumen, thick elastic, muscular and outer layers

92
Q

atria

A

the two chambers at the top of the heart that receive blood from the veins and pump blood to the ventricles. much thinner walls compared to the ventricles
due to the distance the blood has to travel and therefore the blood does not need a high pressure

93
Q

blood

A

a tissue contains red blood cells (which carry oxygen), white blood cells (phagocytes and lymphocytes), platelets (involved in clotting) and plasma (carries carbon dioxide, glucose and amino acids)

94
Q

lymphocyte

A

a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies that are specific to a pathogen

95
Q

phagocyte

A

a type of white blood cell that engulfs pathogens

96
Q

plasma

A

the liquid component of blood that transports waste products like carbon dioxide, urea and heat and useful products like hormones, dissolved nutrients like
glucose and amino acids and antibodies

97
Q

platelets

A

fragments of cells found in blood that are involved in clotting as when exposed to the air it causes the soluble fibrinogen to change to insoluble fibrin which acts as a net, collecting RBCs, forming a clot

98
Q

red blood cells

A

cells found in blood that contains haemoglobin that transports
oxygen. they have a biconcave shape to increase surface area so more oxygen can be absorbed, no nucleus and contain haemoglobin so more oxygen can be carried

99
Q

coronary heart disease (CHD)

A

a disease caused by the build-up of fatty deposits inside the coronary arteries (arteries supplying blood to the heart), causing them to
narrow and reduce blood flow to the heart, resulting in less oxygen and glucose to the heart, reducing aerobic and increasing anaerobic respiration, eventually
resulting in a heart attack

100
Q

haemoglobin

A

red protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for transporting oxygen

101
Q

heart

A

the organ the pumps blood around the body in the closed, double
circulatory system in humans

102
Q

veins

A

a blood vessel that carries blood at low pressure back to the heart, often deoxygenated apart from the pulmonary vein. contains a wider lumen, thinner elastic, muscular and outer layers and valves

103
Q

hepatic artery

A

artery that supplies the liver with oxygenated blood

104
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

carries blood from the intestines to the liver, high in glucose

105
Q

hepatic vein

A

vein that carries blood away from the liver back to the heart

106
Q

pulmonary artery

A

the artery that takes deoxygenated blood from the heart, specifically the right ventricle to the lungs

107
Q

pulmonary vein

A

the vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the
heart, specifically the left atrium

108
Q

renal arteries

A

the arteries that supply blood to the kidneys

109
Q

renal veins

A

veins that take blood away from the kidneys

110
Q

vena cava

A

the vein that takes deoxygenated blood back to the heart, specifically
the right atrium, from the body

111
Q

ventricles

A

the lower chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and pump blood out of the heart into the arteries at high pressure

112
Q

white blood cell

A

cells of the immune system that protects the body from pathogens by producing antibodies or engulfing them

113
Q

root hair cells

A

specialised cells that are responsible for the absorption of water and mineral ions from the soil by having a large surface area for maximal absorption and lots of mitochondria form the active transport of mineral ions

GSCE Biology (106 decks)

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