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Nursing - Bloomberg > 370: Immune pathophysiology > Flashcards

370: Immune pathophysiology Flashcards

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1
Q

1st Line of Defense

A

Physical, Mechanical and Biochemical Barriers

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2
Q

2nd Line of Defense

A

The inflammatory response

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3
Q

3rd line of Defense

A

Adaptive immunity

  1. Cell-mediated immunity
  2. Humoral immunity
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4
Q

Physical and mechanical barriers such as skin, low temperature, mucus membranes, mechanical cleansing, and cilia.

A

1st line of Defense

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5
Q

What are the 2 biochemical barriers?

A
  1. Epithelial-Derived Chemicals (cathelicidins, defensins, and collectins)
  2. Bacteria-Derived Chemicals
    (Normal bacterial flora)
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6
Q

What are 3 main Epithelial-Derived Chemicals or antimicrobial peptides?

A
  1. Cathelicidins
  2. Defensins
  3. Collectins
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7
Q

What is the normal bacterial flora in the vagina?

A

Lactobacillus

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8
Q

What is the normal bacterial flora of the skin?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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9
Q

Why does a 3rd Degree burn increase risk for bacterial invasion?

A

1st line of Defense is removed (skin and anti-microbial)

Jump into the 2nd/inflammatory response

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10
Q

The inflammatory response

A

2nd Line of Defense

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11
Q

What are the properties of 2nd Line of Defense?

A
  • inflammatory response
  • non-specific
  • intensity depends on severity of injury
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12
Q

What are the two responses of the 2nd Line of Defense ?

A
  1. Vascular Response

2. Cellular Response

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13
Q

What causes the inflammatory response?

A
  1. Infection
  2. mechanical damage
  3. ischemia
  4. nutrient deprivation
  5. temperature extremes
  6. Radiation
    Etc
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14
Q

What are the goals of the inflammatory response?

A
  1. Neutralizes/diluted the inflammatory agent
  2. Remove necrotic material
  3. Establish environment for healing
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15
Q

What causes Redness in the 2nd Line of Defense?

A

Hyperaemia from vasodilation

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16
Q

What causes Heat in the 2nd Line of Defense?

A

Increased metabolism at inflammatory site

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17
Q

What causes Pain & tenderness in the 2nd Line of Defense?

A
  1. Change in pH
  2. Nerve stimulation by chemical mediators
  3. Increased fluid
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18
Q

What causes Edema in the 2nd Line of Defense?

A
  1. Fluid shift

2. Accumulation of fluid exudate

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19
Q

What causes loss of function in the 2nd Line of Defense?

A

Swelling and pain

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20
Q

Why does ph decrease due to cell damage?

A

Released potassium

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21
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement of leukocytes in response to chemical signal from area of injury

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22
Q

Margination

A

Free flowing leukocytes initiate close mechanical contact

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23
Q

Diapedesis

A

Movement of leukocyte to area of damage

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24
Q

Neutrophils

A
  1. First to arrive
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Within 6 hours, only live for 24-48 hrs
25
Q

When are BANDS released by bone marrow?

A
  1. When demand of neutrophils is high

Also known as Left shift

26
Q

Which leukocytes are involved in the 2nd Line of Defense?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes

(Nice Monkeys Eat Bananas)

27
Q

What is the order of leukocytes from greatest to least quantity?

A 
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eusinophils
Basophils

(Nobody Likes Me Emotional Breakdowns)

28
Q

What is a chemical mediator?

A

Any messenger that acts on BVs, inflammatory cells or other cells to contribute to any inflammatory response.
Also involved in 2nd Line of Defense

29
Q

What is Histamine ?

A

Stored in granules of basophils, last cells, platelets

30
Q

Mechanism of action of histamine

A

Causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

31
Q

What are Kinins?

A

Arise from polypeptides that circulate in the blood in inactive form, Kininogens

32
Q

What are the anaphylatoxic agents generated from complement pathway activation?

A

Complement components (C3a, C4a, C5a)

33
Q

Mechanism of action of Complement components (C3a, C4a, C5a)

A
  1. Stimulate histamine release

2. Stimulate chemotaxis

34
Q

What are Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes?

A

Produced from arachidonic acid.

Contribute to vasodilation, capillary permeability, pain and fever, leukotriene B4 stimulates chemotaxis

35
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Secreted by various cells

Effects vary

36
Q

The characteristic vascular change at the site of an injury produce:

A

Increased permeability and leakage

37
Q

3rd Line of defense

A
  1. Adaptive immunity
  2. Specific response, occurs more slowly than inflammatory response
  3. Can be induced by vaccination
38
Q

A molecule that can react with antibodies or receptors on B and T cells

A

Antigen

39
Q

An antigen that can trigger an immune response

A

Immunogenic antigen

40
Q

The ability of a particular substance to provoke an immune response

A

Immunogenicity

41
Q

Protein made specifically against an antigen

A

Antibody

42
Q

What are the 2 forms of of adaptive immune system or 3rd line of defense?

A
  1. Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

2. Cell-mediated immunity

43
Q

What are the 3 Antibody functions?

A 
Direct:
   1. Neutralization 
   2. Agglutination
Indirect 
   3. Opsonization
44
Q

Antibody neutralization

A

Block binding or inactive antigen to receptor on receptor cell

45
Q

Agglutination

A

Link microns together

Clumped antigen then filtered out by blood, lymph, or phagocytosis more easily

46
Q

Opsonization

A

Marking for ingestion by phagocytes.

Antibodies bind to cell membrane of pathogen.

47
Q

Antibody titres

A

Blood test for amoun of antibodies.

Determines if patient is vaccinated and correlated to strength of immune response.

48
Q

IgG

A
  1. Most prevalent
  2. Most of protective activity against infection
  3. Crosses the placenta
49
Q

IgA

A
  1. Mostly in secretions

2. Most of protective activity in bonds secretions

50
Q

IgE

A
  1. Most rare
  2. Mediator of many common allergic responses
  3. Defends against parasitic infections
51
Q

IgD

A
  1. Not well known

2. Functions as one type of B-cell antigen receptor

52
Q

IgM

A
  1. Largest

2. First antibody produced during the initial, or primary, response to an antigen

53
Q

Which antibody is most prevalent in the body?

A

IgG

54
Q

Which antibody is most rare in the body?

A

IgE

55
Q

Which antibody is most protective against infection and crosses the blood brain barrier?

A

IgG

56
Q

Which antibody is mediator for allergic responses and defends parasitic infections?

A

IgE

57
Q

Latent phase of primary immune response

A

B-cell differentiation

58
Q

Which antibody is found in saliva and other body secretions?

A

IgA

Nursing - Bloomberg (52 decks)

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