3.6: Childhood and adult relationships

Question 1

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer

Answer 1

Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships

Question 2

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
What is this idea based upon?

Answer 2

This idea is based upon the internal working model

Question 3

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms what?

Answer 3

This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships

Question 4

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships.
Why is the quality of the child’s first attachment crucial?

Answer 4

The quality of the child’s first attachment is crucial, because this template will powerfully affect the nature of their future relationships

Question 5

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships.
The quality of the child’s first attachment is crucial, because this template will powerfully affect the nature of their future relationships.
What will a child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver tend to assume?

Answer 5

A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to assume that this is how relationships are meant to be

Question 6

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships.
The quality of the child’s first attachment is crucial, because this template will powerfully affect the nature of their future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to assume that this is how relationships are meant to be.
What will they then do?

Answer 6

They will then seek out functional relationships and behave functionally within them

Question 7

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships.
The quality of the child’s first attachment is crucial, because this template will powerfully affect the nature of their future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to assume that this is how relationships are meant to be.
They will then seek out functional relationships and behave functionally within them.
Example

Answer 7

For example, without either:
1. Being too uninvolved
Or,
2. Being too emotionally close (which would typify type A behaviour) or being controlling and argumentative (type C behaviour).

Question 8

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships.
The quality of the child’s first attachment is crucial, because this template will powerfully affect the nature of their future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to assume that this is how relationships are meant to be.
They will then seek out functional relationships and behave functionally within them.
For example, without either being too uninvolved or being too emotionally close (which would typify type A behaviour) or being controlling and argumentative (type C behaviour).
What do internal working models also affect?

Answer 8

Internal working models also affect the child’s ability to parent their own children

Question 9

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships.
The quality of the child’s first attachment is crucial, because this template will powerfully affect the nature of their future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to assume that this is how relationships are meant to be.
They will then seek out functional relationships and behave functionally within them.
For example, without either being too uninvolved or being too emotionally close (which would typify type A behaviour) or being controlling and argumentative (type C behaviour).
Internal working models also affect the child’s ability to parent their own children.
What do people tend to base their parenting style on?

Answer 9

People tend to base their parenting style on their internal working model

Question 10

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships.
The quality of the child’s first attachment is crucial, because this template will powerfully affect the nature of their future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to assume that this is how relationships are meant to be.
They will then seek out functional relationships and behave functionally within them.
For example, without either being too uninvolved or being too emotionally close (which would typify type A behaviour) or being controlling and argumentative (type C behaviour).
Internal working models also affect the child’s ability to parent their own children.
People tend to base their parenting style on their internal working model, so what?

Answer 10

People tend to base their parenting style on their internal working model, so attachment type tends to be passed on through generations of a family

Question 11

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships.
The quality of the child’s first attachment is crucial, because this template will powerfully affect the nature of their future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to assume that this is how relationships are meant to be.
They will then seek out functional relationships and behave functionally within them.
For example, without either being too uninvolved or being too emotionally close (which would typify type A behaviour) or being controlling and argumentative (type C behaviour).
Internal working models also affect the child’s ability to parent their own children.
People tend to base their parenting style on their internal working model, so attachment type tends to be passed on through generations of a family.

First AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 11

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that in particular, bullying can be predicted by early attachment and this is supported by research

Question 12

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships.
The quality of the child’s first attachment is crucial, because this template will powerfully affect the nature of their future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to assume that this is how relationships are meant to be.
They will then seek out functional relationships and behave functionally within them.
For example, without either being too uninvolved or being too emotionally close (which would typify type A behaviour) or being controlling and argumentative (type C behaviour).
Internal working models also affect the child’s ability to parent their own children.
People tend to base their parenting style on their internal working model, so attachment type tends to be passed on through generations of a family.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that in particular, bullying can be predicted by early attachment and this is supported by research.
Example

Answer 12

For example, Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies

Question 13

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships.
The quality of the child’s first attachment is crucial, because this template will powerfully affect the nature of their future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to assume that this is how relationships are meant to be.
They will then seek out functional relationships and behave functionally within them.
For example, without either being too uninvolved or being too emotionally close (which would typify type A behaviour) or being controlling and argumentative (type C behaviour).
Internal working models also affect the child’s ability to parent their own children.
People tend to base their parenting style on their internal working model, so attachment type tends to be passed on through generations of a family.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that in particular, bullying can be predicted by early attachment and this is supported by research.
For example, Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
What does this show?

Answer 13

This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships

Question 14

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships.
The quality of the child’s first attachment is crucial, because this template will powerfully affect the nature of their future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to assume that this is how relationships are meant to be.
They will then seek out functional relationships and behave functionally within them.
For example, without either being too uninvolved or being too emotionally close (which would typify type A behaviour) or being controlling and argumentative (type C behaviour).
Internal working models also affect the child’s ability to parent their own children.
People tend to base their parenting style on their internal working model, so attachment type tends to be passed on through generations of a family.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that in particular, bullying can be predicted by early attachment and this is supported by research.
For example, Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

Second AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 14

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that individuals who form secure infant attachments go on to enjoy loving, long-lasting adult relationships and this is supported by research

Question 15

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships.
The quality of the child’s first attachment is crucial, because this template will powerfully affect the nature of their future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to assume that this is how relationships are meant to be.
They will then seek out functional relationships and behave functionally within them.
For example, without either being too uninvolved or being too emotionally close (which would typify type A behaviour) or being controlling and argumentative (type C behaviour).
Internal working models also affect the child’s ability to parent their own children.
People tend to base their parenting style on their internal working model, so attachment type tends to be passed on through generations of a family.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that in particular, bullying can be predicted by early attachment and this is supported by research.
For example, Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that individuals who form secure infant attachments go on to enjoy loving, long-lasting adult relationships and this is supported by research.
Example

Answer 15

For example, Hazan and Shaver created a Love Quiz, which assessed attitudes about adults’ emotional relationships

Question 16

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships.
The quality of the child’s first attachment is crucial, because this template will powerfully affect the nature of their future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to assume that this is how relationships are meant to be.
They will then seek out functional relationships and behave functionally within them.
For example, without either being too uninvolved or being too emotionally close (which would typify type A behaviour) or being controlling and argumentative (type C behaviour).
Internal working models also affect the child’s ability to parent their own children.
People tend to base their parenting style on their internal working model, so attachment type tends to be passed on through generations of a family.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that in particular, bullying can be predicted by early attachment and this is supported by research.
For example, Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that individuals who form secure infant attachments go on to enjoy loving, long-lasting adult relationships and this is supported by research.
For example, Hazan and Shaver created a Love Quiz, which assessed attitudes about adults’ emotional relationships.
What did the results of the quiz show?

Answer 16

The results of the quiz showed that individuals who experienced poor quality attachment during infancy were less likely to value or hold down a serious, long-term relationship

Question 17

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships.
The quality of the child’s first attachment is crucial, because this template will powerfully affect the nature of their future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to assume that this is how relationships are meant to be.
They will then seek out functional relationships and behave functionally within them.
For example, without either being too uninvolved or being too emotionally close (which would typify type A behaviour) or being controlling and argumentative (type C behaviour).
Internal working models also affect the child’s ability to parent their own children.
People tend to base their parenting style on their internal working model, so attachment type tends to be passed on through generations of a family.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that in particular, bullying can be predicted by early attachment and this is supported by research.
For example, Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that individuals who form secure infant attachments go on to enjoy loving, long-lasting adult relationships and this is supported by research.
For example, Hazan and Shaver created a Love Quiz, which assessed attitudes about adults’ emotional relationships.
The results of the quiz showed that individuals who experienced poor quality attachment during infancy were less likely to value or hold down a serious, long-term relationship.
What does this therefore show?

Answer 17

This therefore shows that early attachment does affect adult relationships

Question 18

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships.
The quality of the child’s first attachment is crucial, because this template will powerfully affect the nature of their future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to assume that this is how relationships are meant to be.
They will then seek out functional relationships and behave functionally within them.
For example, without either being too uninvolved or being too emotionally close (which would typify type A behaviour) or being controlling and argumentative (type C behaviour).
Internal working models also affect the child’s ability to parent their own children.
People tend to base their parenting style on their internal working model, so attachment type tends to be passed on through generations of a family.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that in particular, bullying can be predicted by early attachment and this is supported by research.
For example, Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that individuals who form secure infant attachments go on to enjoy loving, long-lasting adult relationships and this is supported by research.
For example, Hazan and Shaver created a Love Quiz, which assessed attitudes about adults’ emotional relationships.
The results of the quiz showed that individuals who experienced poor quality attachment during infancy were less likely to value or hold down a serious, long-term relationship.
This therefore shows that early attachment does affect adult relationships.

Third AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 18

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that association does not mean causality

Question 19

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships.
The quality of the child’s first attachment is crucial, because this template will powerfully affect the nature of their future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to assume that this is how relationships are meant to be.
They will then seek out functional relationships and behave functionally within them.
For example, without either being too uninvolved or being too emotionally close (which would typify type A behaviour) or being controlling and argumentative (type C behaviour).
Internal working models also affect the child’s ability to parent their own children.
People tend to base their parenting style on their internal working model, so attachment type tends to be passed on through generations of a family.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that in particular, bullying can be predicted by early attachment and this is supported by research.
For example, Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that individuals who form secure infant attachments go on to enjoy loving, long-lasting adult relationships and this is supported by research.
For example, Hazan and Shaver created a Love Quiz, which assessed attitudes about adults’ emotional relationships.
The results of the quiz showed that individuals who experienced poor quality attachment during infancy were less likely to value or hold down a serious, long-term relationship.
This therefore shows that early attachment does affect adult relationships.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that association does not mean causality.
What is the implication?

Answer 19

The implication is that infant attachment type causes the attachment

Question 20

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships.
The quality of the child’s first attachment is crucial, because this template will powerfully affect the nature of their future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to assume that this is how relationships are meant to be.
They will then seek out functional relationships and behave functionally within them.
For example, without either being too uninvolved or being too emotionally close (which would typify type A behaviour) or being controlling and argumentative (type C behaviour).
Internal working models also affect the child’s ability to parent their own children.
People tend to base their parenting style on their internal working model, so attachment type tends to be passed on through generations of a family.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that in particular, bullying can be predicted by early attachment and this is supported by research.
For example, Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that individuals who form secure infant attachments go on to enjoy loving, long-lasting adult relationships and this is supported by research.
For example, Hazan and Shaver created a Love Quiz, which assessed attitudes about adults’ emotional relationships.
The results of the quiz showed that individuals who experienced poor quality attachment during infancy were less likely to value or hold down a serious, long-term relationship.
This therefore shows that early attachment does affect adult relationships.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that association does not mean causality.
The implication is that infant attachment type causes the attachment.
However, what are there alternative explanations for?

Answer 20

However, there are alternative explanations for the continuity that often exists between infant and later relationships

Question 21

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships.
The quality of the child’s first attachment is crucial, because this template will powerfully affect the nature of their future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to assume that this is how relationships are meant to be.
They will then seek out functional relationships and behave functionally within them.
For example, without either being too uninvolved or being too emotionally close (which would typify type A behaviour) or being controlling and argumentative (type C behaviour).
Internal working models also affect the child’s ability to parent their own children.
People tend to base their parenting style on their internal working model, so attachment type tends to be passed on through generations of a family.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that in particular, bullying can be predicted by early attachment and this is supported by research.
For example, Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that individuals who form secure infant attachments go on to enjoy loving, long-lasting adult relationships and this is supported by research.
For example, Hazan and Shaver created a Love Quiz, which assessed attitudes about adults’ emotional relationships.
The results of the quiz showed that individuals who experienced poor quality attachment during infancy were less likely to value or hold down a serious, long-term relationship.
This therefore shows that early attachment does affect adult relationships.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that association does not mean causality.
The implication is that infant attachment type causes the attachment.
However, there are alternative explanations for the continuity that often exists between infant and later relationships, like what?

Answer 21

However, there are alternative explanations for the continuity that often exists between infant and later relationships, like the temperament hypothesis that sees the quality of childhood and adult relationships as being determined biologically from innate personality

Question 22

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships.
The quality of the child’s first attachment is crucial, because this template will powerfully affect the nature of their future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to assume that this is how relationships are meant to be.
They will then seek out functional relationships and behave functionally within them.
For example, without either being too uninvolved or being too emotionally close (which would typify type A behaviour) or being controlling and argumentative (type C behaviour).
Internal working models also affect the child’s ability to parent their own children.
People tend to base their parenting style on their internal working model, so attachment type tends to be passed on through generations of a family.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that in particular, bullying can be predicted by early attachment and this is supported by research.
For example, Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that individuals who form secure infant attachments go on to enjoy loving, long-lasting adult relationships and this is supported by research.
For example, Hazan and Shaver created a Love Quiz, which assessed attitudes about adults’ emotional relationships.
The results of the quiz showed that individuals who experienced poor quality attachment during infancy were less likely to value or hold down a serious, long-term relationship.
This therefore shows that early attachment does affect adult relationships.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that association does not mean causality.
The implication is that infant attachment type causes the attachment.
However, there are alternative explanations for the continuity that often exists between infant and later relationships, like the temperament hypothesis that sees the quality of childhood and adult relationships as being determined biologically from innate personality.
Example

Answer 22

For example, Kagan suggests that some babies are more anxious than others or more sociable than others, as a result of their genetic make up

Question 23

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships.
The quality of the child’s first attachment is crucial, because this template will powerfully affect the nature of their future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to assume that this is how relationships are meant to be.
They will then seek out functional relationships and behave functionally within them.
For example, without either being too uninvolved or being too emotionally close (which would typify type A behaviour) or being controlling and argumentative (type C behaviour).
Internal working models also affect the child’s ability to parent their own children.
People tend to base their parenting style on their internal working model, so attachment type tends to be passed on through generations of a family.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that in particular, bullying can be predicted by early attachment and this is supported by research.
For example, Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that individuals who form secure infant attachments go on to enjoy loving, long-lasting adult relationships and this is supported by research.
For example, Hazan and Shaver created a Love Quiz, which assessed attitudes about adults’ emotional relationships.
The results of the quiz showed that individuals who experienced poor quality attachment during infancy were less likely to value or hold down a serious, long-term relationship.
This therefore shows that early attachment does affect adult relationships.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that association does not mean causality.
The implication is that infant attachment type causes the attachment.
However, there are alternative explanations for the continuity that often exists between infant and later relationships, like the temperament hypothesis that sees the quality of childhood and adult relationships as being determined biologically from innate personality.
For example, Kagan suggests that some babies are more anxious than others or more sociable than others, as a result of their genetic make up.
What may this influence?

Answer 23

This may influence both their infant attachment and the quality of later relationships

Question 24

Describe and evaluate the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Refer to the role of the internal working model in your answer.
Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships.
This idea is based upon the internal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships.
The quality of the child’s first attachment is crucial, because this template will powerfully affect the nature of their future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to assume that this is how relationships are meant to be.
They will then seek out functional relationships and behave functionally within them.
For example, without either being too uninvolved or being too emotionally close (which would typify type A behaviour) or being controlling and argumentative (type C behaviour).
Internal working models also affect the child’s ability to parent their own children.
People tend to base their parenting style on their internal working model, so attachment type tends to be passed on through generations of a family.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that in particular, bullying can be predicted by early attachment and this is supported by research.
For example, Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that individuals who form secure infant attachments go on to enjoy loving, long-lasting adult relationships and this is supported by research.
For example, Hazan and Shaver created a Love Quiz, which assessed attitudes about adults’ emotional relationships.
The results of the quiz showed that individuals who experienced poor quality attachment during infancy were less likely to value or hold down a serious, long-term relationship.
This therefore shows that early attachment does affect adult relationships.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that association does not mean causality.
The implication is that infant attachment type causes the attachment.
However, there are alternative explanations for the continuity that often exists between infant and later relationships, like the temperament hypothesis that sees the quality of childhood and adult relationships as being determined biologically from innate personality.
For example, Kagan suggests that some babies are more anxious than others or more sociable than others, as a result of their genetic make up.
This may influence both their infant attachment and the quality of later relationships.
What does this show?

Answer 24

This shows that early attachment doesn’t affect childhood and adult relationships

Question 25

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks)

Answer 25

Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships

Question 26

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy

Answer 26

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type

Question 27

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
What did those assessed as securely attached infants have?

Answer 27

Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships

Question 28

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
What did adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants have?

Answer 28

Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships

Question 29

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with what?

Answer 29

Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships

Question 30

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.

Kirkpatrick and Davis

Answer 30

Kirkpatrick and Davis studied 300 dating couples for 3 years, finding that those identified as having secure childhood attachments were more likely to have stable and satisfying relationships

Question 31

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.

Kirkpatrick and Davis studied 300 dating couples for 3 years, finding that those identified as having secure childhood attachments were more likely to have stable and satisfying relationships, supporting what?

Answer 31

Kirkpatrick and Davis studied 300 dating couples for 3 years, finding that those identified as having secure childhood attachments were more likely to have stable and satisfying relationships, supporting the idea of continuity from an internal working model

Question 32

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.

Kirkpatrick and Davis studied 300 dating couples for 3 years, finding that those identified as having secure childhood attachments were more likely to have stable and satisfying relationships, supporting the idea of continuity from an internal working model.

First AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 32

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that evidence on continuity of attachment type is mixed

Question 33

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.

Kirkpatrick and Davis studied 300 dating couples for 3 years, finding that those identified as having secure childhood attachments were more likely to have stable and satisfying relationships, supporting the idea of continuity from an internal working model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that evidence on continuity of attachment type is mixed.
Some studies, like that by McCarthy, do appear to support continuity and so do what?

Answer 33

Some studies, like that by McCarthy, do appear to support continuity and so provide evidence to support internal working models

Question 34

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.

Kirkpatrick and Davis studied 300 dating couples for 3 years, finding that those identified as having secure childhood attachments were more likely to have stable and satisfying relationships, supporting the idea of continuity from an internal working model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that evidence on continuity of attachment type is mixed.
Some studies, like that by McCarthy, do appear to support continuity and so provide evidence to support internal working models.
However, what?

Answer 34

However, not all studies support internal working models

Question 35

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.

Kirkpatrick and Davis studied 300 dating couples for 3 years, finding that those identified as having secure childhood attachments were more likely to have stable and satisfying relationships, supporting the idea of continuity from an internal working model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that evidence on continuity of attachment type is mixed.
Some studies, like that by McCarthy, do appear to support continuity and so provide evidence to support internal working models.
However, not all studies support internal working models.
Example

Answer 35

For example, Zimmerman et al. found that attachment style at 12 - 18 months of age did not predict the quality of later relationships and that life events experienced had a much larger influence

Question 36

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.

Kirkpatrick and Davis studied 300 dating couples for 3 years, finding that those identified as having secure childhood attachments were more likely to have stable and satisfying relationships, supporting the idea of continuity from an internal working model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that evidence on continuity of attachment type is mixed.
Some studies, like that by McCarthy, do appear to support continuity and so provide evidence to support internal working models.
However, not all studies support internal working models.
For example, Zimmerman et al. found that attachment style at 12 - 18 months of age did not predict the quality of later relationships and that life events experienced, such as what, had a much larger influence?

Answer 36

For example, Zimmerman et al. found that attachment style at 12 - 18 months of age did not predict the quality of later relationships and that life events experienced, such as parental divorce, had a much larger influence

Question 37

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.

Kirkpatrick and Davis studied 300 dating couples for 3 years, finding that those identified as having secure childhood attachments were more likely to have stable and satisfying relationships, supporting the idea of continuity from an internal working model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that evidence on continuity of attachment type is mixed.
Some studies, like that by McCarthy, do appear to support continuity and so provide evidence to support internal working models.
However, not all studies support internal working models.
For example, Zimmerman et al. found that attachment style at 12 - 18 months of age did not predict the quality of later relationships and that life events experienced, such as parental divorce, had a much larger influence.
What does this show?

Answer 37

This shows that early attachment doesn’t affect childhood and adult relationships

Question 38

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.

Kirkpatrick and Davis studied 300 dating couples for 3 years, finding that those identified as having secure childhood attachments were more likely to have stable and satisfying relationships, supporting the idea of continuity from an internal working model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that evidence on continuity of attachment type is mixed.
Some studies, like that by McCarthy, do appear to support continuity and so provide evidence to support internal working models.
However, not all studies support internal working models.
For example, Zimmerman et al. found that attachment style at 12 - 18 months of age did not predict the quality of later relationships and that life events experienced, such as parental divorce, had a much larger influence.
This shows that early attachment doesn’t affect childhood and adult relationships.

Second AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 38

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that most studies, like that of Myron-Wilson and Smith’s, assess infant-parent attachment by means of interview or questionnaire, not in infancy, but years later

Question 39

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.

Kirkpatrick and Davis studied 300 dating couples for 3 years, finding that those identified as having secure childhood attachments were more likely to have stable and satisfying relationships, supporting the idea of continuity from an internal working model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that evidence on continuity of attachment type is mixed.
Some studies, like that by McCarthy, do appear to support continuity and so provide evidence to support internal working models.
However, not all studies support internal working models.
For example, Zimmerman et al. found that attachment style at 12 - 18 months of age did not predict the quality of later relationships and that life events experienced, such as parental divorce, had a much larger influence.
This shows that early attachment doesn’t affect childhood and adult relationships.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that most studies, like that of Myron-Wilson and Smith’s, assess infant-parent attachment by means of interview or questionnaire, not in infancy, but years later.
What is limited?

Answer 39

The validity of interviews and questionnaires is limited

Question 40

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.

Kirkpatrick and Davis studied 300 dating couples for 3 years, finding that those identified as having secure childhood attachments were more likely to have stable and satisfying relationships, supporting the idea of continuity from an internal working model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that evidence on continuity of attachment type is mixed.
Some studies, like that by McCarthy, do appear to support continuity and so provide evidence to support internal working models.
However, not all studies support internal working models.
For example, Zimmerman et al. found that attachment style at 12 - 18 months of age did not predict the quality of later relationships and that life events experienced, such as parental divorce, had a much larger influence.
This shows that early attachment doesn’t affect childhood and adult relationships.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that most studies, like that of Myron-Wilson and Smith’s, assess infant-parent attachment by means of interview or questionnaire, not in infancy, but years later.
Why is the validity of interviews and questionnaires limited?

Answer 40

The validity of interviews and questionnaires is limited, because they depend on respondents being honest and having a realistic view of their own relationships, which does not always happen

Question 41

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.

Kirkpatrick and Davis studied 300 dating couples for 3 years, finding that those identified as having secure childhood attachments were more likely to have stable and satisfying relationships, supporting the idea of continuity from an internal working model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that evidence on continuity of attachment type is mixed.
Some studies, like that by McCarthy, do appear to support continuity and so provide evidence to support internal working models.
However, not all studies support internal working models.
For example, Zimmerman et al. found that attachment style at 12 - 18 months of age did not predict the quality of later relationships and that life events experienced, such as parental divorce, had a much larger influence.
This shows that early attachment doesn’t affect childhood and adult relationships.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that most studies, like that of Myron-Wilson and Smith’s, assess infant-parent attachment by means of interview or questionnaire, not in infancy, but years later.
The validity of interviews and questionnaires is limited, because they depend on respondents being honest and having a realistic view of their own relationships, which does not always happen.
What does a related problem concern?

Answer 41

A related problem concerns the retrospective nature of assessment of infant attachment

Question 42

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.

Kirkpatrick and Davis studied 300 dating couples for 3 years, finding that those identified as having secure childhood attachments were more likely to have stable and satisfying relationships, supporting the idea of continuity from an internal working model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that evidence on continuity of attachment type is mixed.
Some studies, like that by McCarthy, do appear to support continuity and so provide evidence to support internal working models.
However, not all studies support internal working models.
For example, Zimmerman et al. found that attachment style at 12 - 18 months of age did not predict the quality of later relationships and that life events experienced, such as parental divorce, had a much larger influence.
This shows that early attachment doesn’t affect childhood and adult relationships.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that most studies, like that of Myron-Wilson and Smith’s, assess infant-parent attachment by means of interview or questionnaire, not in infancy, but years later.
The validity of interviews and questionnaires is limited, because they depend on respondents being honest and having a realistic view of their own relationships, which does not always happen.
A related problem concerns the retrospective nature of assessment of infant attachment.
What also lacks validity?

Answer 42

Looking back in adulthood at one’s early relationship to a primary attachment figure also lacks validity

Question 43

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.

Kirkpatrick and Davis studied 300 dating couples for 3 years, finding that those identified as having secure childhood attachments were more likely to have stable and satisfying relationships, supporting the idea of continuity from an internal working model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that evidence on continuity of attachment type is mixed.
Some studies, like that by McCarthy, do appear to support continuity and so provide evidence to support internal working models.
However, not all studies support internal working models.
For example, Zimmerman et al. found that attachment style at 12 - 18 months of age did not predict the quality of later relationships and that life events experienced, such as parental divorce, had a much larger influence.
This shows that early attachment doesn’t affect childhood and adult relationships.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that most studies, like that of Myron-Wilson and Smith’s, assess infant-parent attachment by means of interview or questionnaire, not in infancy, but years later.
The validity of interviews and questionnaires is limited, because they depend on respondents being honest and having a realistic view of their own relationships, which does not always happen.
A related problem concerns the retrospective nature of assessment of infant attachment.
Looking back in adulthood at one’s early relationship to a primary attachment figure also lacks validity, why?

Answer 43

Looking back in adulthood at one’s early relationship to a primary attachment figure also lacks validity, because it relies on accurate recollections and it is difficult to remember early relationships accurately

Question 44

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.

Kirkpatrick and Davis studied 300 dating couples for 3 years, finding that those identified as having secure childhood attachments were more likely to have stable and satisfying relationships, supporting the idea of continuity from an internal working model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that evidence on continuity of attachment type is mixed.
Some studies, like that by McCarthy, do appear to support continuity and so provide evidence to support internal working models.
However, not all studies support internal working models.
For example, Zimmerman et al. found that attachment style at 12 - 18 months of age did not predict the quality of later relationships and that life events experienced, such as parental divorce, had a much larger influence.
This shows that early attachment doesn’t affect childhood and adult relationships.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that most studies, like that of Myron-Wilson and Smith’s, assess infant-parent attachment by means of interview or questionnaire, not in infancy, but years later.
The validity of interviews and questionnaires is limited, because they depend on respondents being honest and having a realistic view of their own relationships, which does not always happen.
A related problem concerns the retrospective nature of assessment of infant attachment.
Looking back in adulthood at one’s early relationship to a primary attachment figure also lacks validity, because it relies on accurate recollections and it is difficult to remember early relationships accurately.

Third AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 44

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that association does not mean causality

Question 45

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.

Kirkpatrick and Davis studied 300 dating couples for 3 years, finding that those identified as having secure childhood attachments were more likely to have stable and satisfying relationships, supporting the idea of continuity from an internal working model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that evidence on continuity of attachment type is mixed.
Some studies, like that by McCarthy, do appear to support continuity and so provide evidence to support internal working models.
However, not all studies support internal working models.
For example, Zimmerman et al. found that attachment style at 12 - 18 months of age did not predict the quality of later relationships and that life events experienced, such as parental divorce, had a much larger influence.
This shows that early attachment doesn’t affect childhood and adult relationships.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that most studies, like that of Myron-Wilson and Smith’s, assess infant-parent attachment by means of interview or questionnaire, not in infancy, but years later.
The validity of interviews and questionnaires is limited, because they depend on respondents being honest and having a realistic view of their own relationships, which does not always happen.
A related problem concerns the retrospective nature of assessment of infant attachment.
Looking back in adulthood at one’s early relationship to a primary attachment figure also lacks validity, because it relies on accurate recollections and it is difficult to remember early relationships accurately.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that association does not mean causality.
What is the implication?

Answer 45

The implication is that infant attachment type causes the attachment

Question 46

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.

Kirkpatrick and Davis studied 300 dating couples for 3 years, finding that those identified as having secure childhood attachments were more likely to have stable and satisfying relationships, supporting the idea of continuity from an internal working model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that evidence on continuity of attachment type is mixed.
Some studies, like that by McCarthy, do appear to support continuity and so provide evidence to support internal working models.
However, not all studies support internal working models.
For example, Zimmerman et al. found that attachment style at 12 - 18 months of age did not predict the quality of later relationships and that life events experienced, such as parental divorce, had a much larger influence.
This shows that early attachment doesn’t affect childhood and adult relationships.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that most studies, like that of Myron-Wilson and Smith’s, assess infant-parent attachment by means of interview or questionnaire, not in infancy, but years later.
The validity of interviews and questionnaires is limited, because they depend on respondents being honest and having a realistic view of their own relationships, which does not always happen.
A related problem concerns the retrospective nature of assessment of infant attachment.
Looking back in adulthood at one’s early relationship to a primary attachment figure also lacks validity, because it relies on accurate recollections and it is difficult to remember early relationships accurately.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that association does not mean causality.
The implication is that infant attachment type causes the attachment.
However, what are there alternative explanations for?

Answer 46

However, there are alternative explanations for the continuity that often exists between infant and later relationships

Question 47

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.

Kirkpatrick and Davis studied 300 dating couples for 3 years, finding that those identified as having secure childhood attachments were more likely to have stable and satisfying relationships, supporting the idea of continuity from an internal working model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that evidence on continuity of attachment type is mixed.
Some studies, like that by McCarthy, do appear to support continuity and so provide evidence to support internal working models.
However, not all studies support internal working models.
For example, Zimmerman et al. found that attachment style at 12 - 18 months of age did not predict the quality of later relationships and that life events experienced, such as parental divorce, had a much larger influence.
This shows that early attachment doesn’t affect childhood and adult relationships.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that most studies, like that of Myron-Wilson and Smith’s, assess infant-parent attachment by means of interview or questionnaire, not in infancy, but years later.
The validity of interviews and questionnaires is limited, because they depend on respondents being honest and having a realistic view of their own relationships, which does not always happen.
A related problem concerns the retrospective nature of assessment of infant attachment.
Looking back in adulthood at one’s early relationship to a primary attachment figure also lacks validity, because it relies on accurate recollections and it is difficult to remember early relationships accurately.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that association does not mean causality.
The implication is that infant attachment type causes the attachment.
However, there are alternative explanations for the continuity that often exists between infant and later relationships, like what?

Answer 47

However, there are alternative explanations for the continuity that often exists between infant and later relationships, like the temperament hypothesis that sees the quality of childhood and adult relationships as being determined biologically from innate personality

Question 48

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.

Kirkpatrick and Davis studied 300 dating couples for 3 years, finding that those identified as having secure childhood attachments were more likely to have stable and satisfying relationships, supporting the idea of continuity from an internal working model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that evidence on continuity of attachment type is mixed.
Some studies, like that by McCarthy, do appear to support continuity and so provide evidence to support internal working models.
However, not all studies support internal working models.
For example, Zimmerman et al. found that attachment style at 12 - 18 months of age did not predict the quality of later relationships and that life events experienced, such as parental divorce, had a much larger influence.
This shows that early attachment doesn’t affect childhood and adult relationships.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that most studies, like that of Myron-Wilson and Smith’s, assess infant-parent attachment by means of interview or questionnaire, not in infancy, but years later.
The validity of interviews and questionnaires is limited, because they depend on respondents being honest and having a realistic view of their own relationships, which does not always happen.
A related problem concerns the retrospective nature of assessment of infant attachment.
Looking back in adulthood at one’s early relationship to a primary attachment figure also lacks validity, because it relies on accurate recollections and it is difficult to remember early relationships accurately.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that association does not mean causality.
The implication is that infant attachment type causes the attachment.
However, there are alternative explanations for the continuity that often exists between infant and later relationships, like the temperament hypothesis that sees the quality of childhood and adult relationships as being determined biologically from innate personality.
Example

Answer 48

For example, Kagan suggests that some babies are more anxious than others or more sociable than others, as a result of their genetic make up

Question 49

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.

Kirkpatrick and Davis studied 300 dating couples for 3 years, finding that those identified as having secure childhood attachments were more likely to have stable and satisfying relationships, supporting the idea of continuity from an internal working model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that evidence on continuity of attachment type is mixed.
Some studies, like that by McCarthy, do appear to support continuity and so provide evidence to support internal working models.
However, not all studies support internal working models.
For example, Zimmerman et al. found that attachment style at 12 - 18 months of age did not predict the quality of later relationships and that life events experienced, such as parental divorce, had a much larger influence.
This shows that early attachment doesn’t affect childhood and adult relationships.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that most studies, like that of Myron-Wilson and Smith’s, assess infant-parent attachment by means of interview or questionnaire, not in infancy, but years later.
The validity of interviews and questionnaires is limited, because they depend on respondents being honest and having a realistic view of their own relationships, which does not always happen.
A related problem concerns the retrospective nature of assessment of infant attachment.
Looking back in adulthood at one’s early relationship to a primary attachment figure also lacks validity, because it relies on accurate recollections and it is difficult to remember early relationships accurately.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that association does not mean causality.
The implication is that infant attachment type causes the attachment.
However, there are alternative explanations for the continuity that often exists between infant and later relationships, like the temperament hypothesis that sees the quality of childhood and adult relationships as being determined biologically from innate personality.
For example, Kagan suggests that some babies are more anxious than others or more sociable than others, as a result of their genetic make up.
What may this influence?

Answer 49

This may influence both their infant attachment and the quality of later relationships

Question 50

Describe and evaluate research into the influence of attachment on childhood and adult relationships (16 marks).
Myron-Wilson and Smith performed a questionnaire of about 200 children aged 7 - 11 from London and found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be bullied and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.
This shows that early attachment does affect childhood relationships.

McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships.
Adults classed as insecure-resistant as infants had particular problems maintaining friendships, whilst those classed as insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.

Kirkpatrick and Davis studied 300 dating couples for 3 years, finding that those identified as having secure childhood attachments were more likely to have stable and satisfying relationships, supporting the idea of continuity from an internal working model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that evidence on continuity of attachment type is mixed.
Some studies, like that by McCarthy, do appear to support continuity and so provide evidence to support internal working models.
However, not all studies support internal working models.
For example, Zimmerman et al. found that attachment style at 12 - 18 months of age did not predict the quality of later relationships and that life events experienced, such as parental divorce, had a much larger influence.
This shows that early attachment doesn’t affect childhood and adult relationships.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that most studies, like that of Myron-Wilson and Smith’s, assess infant-parent attachment by means of interview or questionnaire, not in infancy, but years later.
The validity of interviews and questionnaires is limited, because they depend on respondents being honest and having a realistic view of their own relationships, which does not always happen.
A related problem concerns the retrospective nature of assessment of infant attachment.
Looking back in adulthood at one’s early relationship to a primary attachment figure also lacks validity, because it relies on accurate recollections and it is difficult to remember early relationships accurately.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that association does not mean causality.
The implication is that infant attachment type causes the attachment.
However, there are alternative explanations for the continuity that often exists between infant and later relationships, like the temperament hypothesis that sees the quality of childhood and adult relationships as being determined biologically from innate personality.
For example, Kagan suggests that some babies are more anxious than others or more sociable than others, as a result of their genetic make up.
This may influence both their infant attachment and the quality of later relationships.
What does this show?

Answer 50

This shows that early attachment doesn’t affect childhood and adult relationships