3.4: Cultural variations in attachment Flashcards
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks)
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
Where was the lowest percent of secure attachment shown?
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest where?
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Where was avoidant attachment more common?
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare where?
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
What?
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
What did Takahashi (1990) find?
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where what?
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
What did Grossman and Grossman (1991) find?
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
What did Tronick et al. (1992) study?
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live how?
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found what?
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment.
First AO3 PEEL paragraph
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application, why?
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application, because the sample wasn’t representative
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application, because the sample wasn’t representative.
Why is this?
This is because data drawn from cultures not represented in the meta-analysis would be required before universal conclusions could be drawn
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application, because the sample wasn’t representative.
This is because data drawn from cultures not represented in the meta-analysis, for example what, would be required before universal conclusions could be drawn?
This is because data drawn from cultures not represented in the meta-analysis, for example Africa and South American samples, would be required before universal conclusions could be drawn
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application, because the sample wasn’t representative.
This is because data drawn from cultures not represented in the meta-analysis, for example Africa and South American samples, would be required before universal conclusions could be drawn.
How many of the studies took place in individualist cultures, with how many in collectivist cultures?
27 of the studies took place in individualist cultures, with only 5 in collectivist cultures
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application, because the sample wasn’t representative.
This is because data drawn from cultures not represented in the meta-analysis, for example Africa and South American samples, would be required before universal conclusions could be drawn.
27 of the studies took place in individualist cultures, with only 5 in collectivist cultures and where were 18 of the studies carried out?
27 of the studies took place in individualist cultures, with only 5 in collectivist cultures and 18 of the studies were carried out in America
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application, because the sample wasn’t representative.
This is because data drawn from cultures not represented in the meta-analysis, for example Africa and South American samples, would be required before universal conclusions could be drawn.
27 of the studies took place in individualist cultures, with only 5 in collectivist cultures and 18 of the studies were carried out in America.
What were some of the samples also?
Some of the samples were also very small
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application, because the sample wasn’t representative.
This is because data drawn from cultures not represented in the meta-analysis, for example Africa and South American samples, would be required before universal conclusions could be drawn.
27 of the studies took place in individualist cultures, with only 5 in collectivist cultures and 18 of the studies were carried out in America.
Some of the samples were also very small.
Example
For example, there was only one study from the UK and from Sweden
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application, because the sample wasn’t representative.
This is because data drawn from cultures not represented in the meta-analysis, for example Africa and South American samples, would be required before universal conclusions could be drawn.
27 of the studies took place in individualist cultures, with only 5 in collectivist cultures and 18 of the studies were carried out in America.
Some of the samples were also very small.
For example, there was only one study from the UK and from Sweden.
What does this suggest?
This suggests that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research cannot be generalised
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application, because the sample wasn’t representative.
This is because data drawn from cultures not represented in the meta-analysis, for example Africa and South American samples, would be required before universal conclusions could be drawn.
27 of the studies took place in individualist cultures, with only 5 in collectivist cultures and 18 of the studies were carried out in America.
Some of the samples were also very small.
For example, there was only one study from the UK and from Sweden.
This suggests that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research cannot be generalised.
Second AO3 PEEL paragraph
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that temperament, the genetically influenced personality of the child, is a more important influence on behaviour in the Strange Situation than attachment
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application, because the sample wasn’t representative.
This is because data drawn from cultures not represented in the meta-analysis, for example Africa and South American samples, would be required before universal conclusions could be drawn.
27 of the studies took place in individualist cultures, with only 5 in collectivist cultures and 18 of the studies were carried out in America.
Some of the samples were also very small.
For example, there was only one study from the UK and from Sweden.
This suggests that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research cannot be generalised.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that temperament, the genetically influenced personality of the child, is a more important influence on behaviour in the Strange Situation than attachment.
Example
For example, Kagan suggests that some babies are more anxious than others and that some babies are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make-up
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application, because the sample wasn’t representative.
This is because data drawn from cultures not represented in the meta-analysis, for example Africa and South American samples, would be required before universal conclusions could be drawn.
27 of the studies took place in individualist cultures, with only 5 in collectivist cultures and 18 of the studies were carried out in America.
Some of the samples were also very small.
For example, there was only one study from the UK and from Sweden.
This suggests that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research cannot be generalised.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that temperament, the genetically influenced personality of the child, is a more important influence on behaviour in the Strange Situation than attachment.
For example, Kagan suggests that some babies are more anxious than others and that some babies are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make-up.
What does this mean?
This means that temperament may be a confounding variable
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application, because the sample wasn’t representative.
This is because data drawn from cultures not represented in the meta-analysis, for example Africa and South American samples, would be required before universal conclusions could be drawn.
27 of the studies took place in individualist cultures, with only 5 in collectivist cultures and 18 of the studies were carried out in America.
Some of the samples were also very small.
For example, there was only one study from the UK and from Sweden.
This suggests that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research cannot be generalised.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that temperament, the genetically influenced personality of the child, is a more important influence on behaviour in the Strange Situation than attachment.
For example, Kagan suggests that some babies are more anxious than others and that some babies are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make-up.
This means that temperament may be a confounding variable and so what?
This means that temperament may be a confounding variable and so challenges the validity of research using the Strange Situation
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application, because the sample wasn’t representative.
This is because data drawn from cultures not represented in the meta-analysis, for example Africa and South American samples, would be required before universal conclusions could be drawn.
27 of the studies took place in individualist cultures, with only 5 in collectivist cultures and 18 of the studies were carried out in America.
Some of the samples were also very small.
For example, there was only one study from the UK and from Sweden.
This suggests that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research cannot be generalised.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that temperament, the genetically influenced personality of the child, is a more important influence on behaviour in the Strange Situation than attachment.
For example, Kagan suggests that some babies are more anxious than others and that some babies are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make-up.
This means that temperament may be a confounding variable and so challenges the validity of research using the Strange Situation.
Third AO3 PEEL paragraph
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that replication of the controlled conditions in the Strange Situation is easy
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application, because the sample wasn’t representative.
This is because data drawn from cultures not represented in the meta-analysis, for example Africa and South American samples, would be required before universal conclusions could be drawn.
27 of the studies took place in individualist cultures, with only 5 in collectivist cultures and 18 of the studies were carried out in America.
Some of the samples were also very small.
For example, there was only one study from the UK and from Sweden.
This suggests that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research cannot be generalised.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that temperament, the genetically influenced personality of the child, is a more important influence on behaviour in the Strange Situation than attachment.
For example, Kagan suggests that some babies are more anxious than others and that some babies are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make-up.
This means that temperament may be a confounding variable and so challenges the validity of research using the Strange Situation.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that replication of the controlled conditions in the Strange Situation is easy.
Where has the method been employed?
The method has been employed in studies all over the world
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application, because the sample wasn’t representative.
This is because data drawn from cultures not represented in the meta-analysis, for example Africa and South American samples, would be required before universal conclusions could be drawn.
27 of the studies took place in individualist cultures, with only 5 in collectivist cultures and 18 of the studies were carried out in America.
Some of the samples were also very small.
For example, there was only one study from the UK and from Sweden.
This suggests that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research cannot be generalised.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that temperament, the genetically influenced personality of the child, is a more important influence on behaviour in the Strange Situation than attachment.
For example, Kagan suggests that some babies are more anxious than others and that some babies are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make-up.
This means that temperament may be a confounding variable and so challenges the validity of research using the Strange Situation.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that replication of the controlled conditions in the Strange Situation is easy.
The method has been employed in studies all over the world - What used the Strange Situation, for example?
The method has been employed in studies all over the world - Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s meta-analysis used the Strange Situation, for example
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application, because the sample wasn’t representative.
This is because data drawn from cultures not represented in the meta-analysis, for example Africa and South American samples, would be required before universal conclusions could be drawn.
27 of the studies took place in individualist cultures, with only 5 in collectivist cultures and 18 of the studies were carried out in America.
Some of the samples were also very small.
For example, there was only one study from the UK and from Sweden.
This suggests that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research cannot be generalised.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that temperament, the genetically influenced personality of the child, is a more important influence on behaviour in the Strange Situation than attachment.
For example, Kagan suggests that some babies are more anxious than others and that some babies are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make-up.
This means that temperament may be a confounding variable and so challenges the validity of research using the Strange Situation.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that replication of the controlled conditions in the Strange Situation is easy.
The method has been employed in studies all over the world - Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s meta-analysis used the Strange Situation, for example.
Initially, why was the sample biased?
Initially, the sample was biased, because it was ethnocentric
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application, because the sample wasn’t representative.
This is because data drawn from cultures not represented in the meta-analysis, for example Africa and South American samples, would be required before universal conclusions could be drawn.
27 of the studies took place in individualist cultures, with only 5 in collectivist cultures and 18 of the studies were carried out in America.
Some of the samples were also very small.
For example, there was only one study from the UK and from Sweden.
This suggests that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research cannot be generalised.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that temperament, the genetically influenced personality of the child, is a more important influence on behaviour in the Strange Situation than attachment.
For example, Kagan suggests that some babies are more anxious than others and that some babies are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make-up.
This means that temperament may be a confounding variable and so challenges the validity of research using the Strange Situation.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that replication of the controlled conditions in the Strange Situation is easy.
The method has been employed in studies all over the world - Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s meta-analysis used the Strange Situation, for example.
Initially, the sample was biased, because it was ethnocentric, since what?
Initially, the sample was biased, because it was ethnocentric, since all 106 infants used were American, white and middle-class
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application, because the sample wasn’t representative.
This is because data drawn from cultures not represented in the meta-analysis, for example Africa and South American samples, would be required before universal conclusions could be drawn.
27 of the studies took place in individualist cultures, with only 5 in collectivist cultures and 18 of the studies were carried out in America.
Some of the samples were also very small.
For example, there was only one study from the UK and from Sweden.
This suggests that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research cannot be generalised.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that temperament, the genetically influenced personality of the child, is a more important influence on behaviour in the Strange Situation than attachment.
For example, Kagan suggests that some babies are more anxious than others and that some babies are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make-up.
This means that temperament may be a confounding variable and so challenges the validity of research using the Strange Situation.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that replication of the controlled conditions in the Strange Situation is easy. The method has been employed in studies all over the world - Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis used the Strange Situation, for example. Initially, the sample was biased, because it was ethnocentric, since all 106 infants used were American, white and middle-class and the study therefore what?
Initially, the sample was biased, because it was ethnocentric, since all 106 infants used were American, white and middle-class and the study therefore lacked population validity and generalisability
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application, because the sample wasn’t representative.
This is because data drawn from cultures not represented in the meta-analysis, for example Africa and South American samples, would be required before universal conclusions could be drawn.
27 of the studies took place in individualist cultures, with only 5 in collectivist cultures and 18 of the studies were carried out in America.
Some of the samples were also very small.
For example, there was only one study from the UK and from Sweden.
This suggests that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research cannot be generalised.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that temperament, the genetically influenced personality of the child, is a more important influence on behaviour in the Strange Situation than attachment.
For example, Kagan suggests that some babies are more anxious than others and that some babies are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make-up.
This means that temperament may be a confounding variable and so challenges the validity of research using the Strange Situation.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that replication of the controlled conditions in the Strange Situation is easy. The method has been employed in studies all over the world - Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis used the Strange Situation, for example. Initially, the sample was biased, because it was ethnocentric, since all 106 infants used were American, white and middle-class and the study therefore lacked population validity and generalisability, why?
Initially, the sample was biased, because it was ethnocentric, since all 106 infants used were American, white and middle-class and the study therefore lacked population validity and generalisability, as the sample used was not representative of all infants
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application, because the sample wasn’t representative.
This is because data drawn from cultures not represented in the meta-analysis, for example Africa and South American samples, would be required before universal conclusions could be drawn.
27 of the studies took place in individualist cultures, with only 5 in collectivist cultures and 18 of the studies were carried out in America.
Some of the samples were also very small.
For example, there was only one study from the UK and from Sweden.
This suggests that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research cannot be generalised.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that temperament, the genetically influenced personality of the child, is a more important influence on behaviour in the Strange Situation than attachment.
For example, Kagan suggests that some babies are more anxious than others and that some babies are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make-up.
This means that temperament may be a confounding variable and so challenges the validity of research using the Strange Situation.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that replication of the controlled conditions in the Strange Situation is easy. The method has been employed in studies all over the world - Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis used the Strange Situation, for example. Initially, the sample was biased, because it was ethnocentric, since all 106 infants used were American, white and middle-class and the study therefore lacked population validity and generalisability, as the sample used was not representative of all infants, but what?
Initially, the sample was biased, because it was ethnocentric, since all 106 infants used were American, white and middle-class and the study therefore lacked population validity and generalisability, as the sample used was not representative of all infants, but, because replication was easy, researchers were able to carry out cross-cultural research
Discuss research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks).
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied.
The lowest percent of secure attachment was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
Avoidant attachment was more common in West Germany, but rare in Israel and Japan.
Variation within cultures was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures.
Takahashi (1990) found high levels of resistant attachment in Japanese infants, where mothers rarely leave infants in early childhood.
Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely, rather than securely, attached.
Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe, who live in extended family groups, and found that even though infants were looked after by several different women, they showed one primary attachment.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research have limited application, because the sample wasn’t representative.
This is because data drawn from cultures not represented in the meta-analysis, for example Africa and South American samples, would be required before universal conclusions could be drawn.
27 of the studies took place in individualist cultures, with only 5 in collectivist cultures and 18 of the studies were carried out in America.
Some of the samples were also very small.
For example, there was only one study from the UK and from Sweden.
This suggests that the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research cannot be generalised.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that temperament, the genetically influenced personality of the child, is a more important influence on behaviour in the Strange Situation than attachment.
For example, Kagan suggests that some babies are more anxious than others and that some babies are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make-up.
This means that temperament may be a confounding variable and so challenges the validity of research using the Strange Situation.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that replication of the controlled conditions in the Strange Situation is easy. The method has been employed in studies all over the world - Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis used the Strange Situation, for example. Initially, the sample was biased, because it was ethnocentric, since all 106 infants used were American, white and middle-class and the study therefore lacked population validity and generalisability, as the sample used was not representative of all infants, but, because replication was easy, researchers were able to carry out cross-cultural research. What does this mean?
This means that research using the Strange Situation is reliable
