3.2: Animal studies of attachment

Question 1

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks)

Answer 1

Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly

Question 2

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
How were they hatched?

Answer 2

Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present

Question 3

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that what?

Answer 3

Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered

Question 4

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
What was recorded?

Answer 4

The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded

Question 5

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, what happened?

Answer 5

Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz

Question 6

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
What were irreversible?

Answer 6

The attachment bonds were irreversible

Question 7

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
When would imprinting occur?

Answer 7

Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth

Question 8

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately how long)?

Answer 8

Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours)

Question 9

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which what?

Answer 9

Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent

Question 10

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
What would goslings imprinted onto humans, as matured adult birds, do?

Answer 10

Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting)

Question 11

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

How did Harlow study attachment?

Answer 11

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates

Question 12

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
Describe the mothers

Answer 12

The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food

Question 13

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
What was recorded?

Answer 13

The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions

Question 14

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
What were also recorded?

Answer 14

The long-term effects were also recorded

Question 15

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example what?

Answer 15

The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring

Question 16

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, what did the monkeys prefer?

Answer 16

When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother

Question 17

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of what?

Answer 17

When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of whether she produced milk

Question 18

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
When frightened by a loud noise, what did the monkeys do?

Answer 18

When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother in conditions where she was available

Question 19

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of what?

Answer 19

When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk

Question 20

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.

First AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 20

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the samples used in Lorenz’s study, birds (geese), are not representative of humans

Question 21

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the samples used in Lorenz’s study, birds (geese), are not representative of humans.
What in particular might be different?

Answer 21

The attachment systems in mammals and humans in particular might be different

Question 22

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the samples used in Lorenz’s study, birds (geese), are not representative of humans.
The attachment systems in mammals and humans in particular might be different.
Example

Answer 22

For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds

Question 23

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the samples used in Lorenz’s study, birds (geese), are not representative of humans.
The attachment systems in mammals and humans in particular might be different.
For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds.
Therefore, what?

Answer 23

Therefore, Lorenz’ findings lack generalisability to humans

Question 24

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the samples used in Lorenz’s study, birds (geese), are not representative of humans.
The attachment systems in mammals and humans in particular might be different.
For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds.
Therefore, Lorenz’ findings lack generalisability to humans.

Second AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 24

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is contradictory research for Lorenz’s study of attachment

Question 25

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the samples used in Lorenz’s study, birds (geese), are not representative of humans.
The attachment systems in mammals and humans in particular might be different.
For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds.
Therefore, Lorenz’ findings lack generalisability to humans.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is contradictory research for Lorenz’s study of attachment.
Example

Answer 25

For example, Guiton et al. found that chicks that imprinted on inflated yellow rubber gloves would try to mate with them as adults (as Lorenz) predicted, but in the end they found that with experience, they eventually learned to prefer mating with other chickens

Question 26

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the samples used in Lorenz’s study, birds (geese), are not representative of humans.
The attachment systems in mammals and humans in particular might be different.
For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds.
Therefore, Lorenz’ findings lack generalisability to humans.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is contradictory research for Lorenz’s study of attachment.
For example, Guiton et al. found that chicks that imprinted on inflated yellow rubber gloves would try to mate with them as adults (as Lorenz) predicted, but in the end they found that with experience, they eventually learned to prefer mating with other chickens.
What does this suggest?

Answer 26

This suggests that the impact of imprinting on mating behaviour is not as permanent as believed

Question 27

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the samples used in Lorenz’s study, birds (geese), are not representative of humans.
The attachment systems in mammals and humans in particular might be different.
For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds.
Therefore, Lorenz’ findings lack generalisability to humans.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is contradictory research for Lorenz’s study of attachment.
For example, Guiton et al. found that chicks that imprinted on inflated yellow rubber gloves would try to mate with them as adults (as Lorenz) predicted, but in the end they found that with experience, they eventually learned to prefer mating with other chickens.
This suggests that the impact of imprinting on mating behaviour is not as permanent as believed.

Third AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 27

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Harlow’s study lacked control

Question 28

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the samples used in Lorenz’s study, birds (geese), are not representative of humans.
The attachment systems in mammals and humans in particular might be different.
For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds.
Therefore, Lorenz’ findings lack generalisability to humans.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is contradictory research for Lorenz’s study of attachment.
For example, Guiton et al. found that chicks that imprinted on inflated yellow rubber gloves would try to mate with them as adults (as Lorenz) predicted, but in the end they found that with experience, they eventually learned to prefer mating with other chickens.
This suggests that the impact of imprinting on mating behaviour is not as permanent as believed.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Harlow’s study lacked control, why?

Answer 28

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Harlow’s study lacked control, because there were confounding variables present

Question 29

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the samples used in Lorenz’s study, birds (geese), are not representative of humans.
The attachment systems in mammals and humans in particular might be different.
For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds.
Therefore, Lorenz’ findings lack generalisability to humans.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is contradictory research for Lorenz’s study of attachment.
For example, Guiton et al. found that chicks that imprinted on inflated yellow rubber gloves would try to mate with them as adults (as Lorenz) predicted, but in the end they found that with experience, they eventually learned to prefer mating with other chickens.
This suggests that the impact of imprinting on mating behaviour is not as permanent as believed.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Harlow’s study lacked control, because there were confounding variables present.
What did Harlow use?

Answer 29

Harlow used 2 different monkeys (cloth and wire)

Question 30

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the samples used in Lorenz’s study, birds (geese), are not representative of humans.
The attachment systems in mammals and humans in particular might be different.
For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds.
Therefore, Lorenz’ findings lack generalisability to humans.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is contradictory research for Lorenz’s study of attachment.
For example, Guiton et al. found that chicks that imprinted on inflated yellow rubber gloves would try to mate with them as adults (as Lorenz) predicted, but in the end they found that with experience, they eventually learned to prefer mating with other chickens.
This suggests that the impact of imprinting on mating behaviour is not as permanent as believed.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Harlow’s study lacked control, because there were confounding variables present.
Harlow used 2 different monkeys (cloth and wire), which had what?

Answer 30

Harlow used 2 different monkeys (cloth and wire), which had ‘different heads’

Question 31

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the samples used in Lorenz’s study, birds (geese), are not representative of humans.
The attachment systems in mammals and humans in particular might be different.
For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds.
Therefore, Lorenz’ findings lack generalisability to humans.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is contradictory research for Lorenz’s study of attachment.
For example, Guiton et al. found that chicks that imprinted on inflated yellow rubber gloves would try to mate with them as adults (as Lorenz) predicted, but in the end they found that with experience, they eventually learned to prefer mating with other chickens.
This suggests that the impact of imprinting on mating behaviour is not as permanent as believed.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Harlow’s study lacked control, because there were confounding variables present.
Harlow used 2 different monkeys (cloth and wire), which had ‘different heads.’
What should this have been?

Answer 31

This was a confounding variable that should’ve been controlled

Question 32

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the samples used in Lorenz’s study, birds (geese), are not representative of humans.
The attachment systems in mammals and humans in particular might be different.
For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds.
Therefore, Lorenz’ findings lack generalisability to humans.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is contradictory research for Lorenz’s study of attachment.
For example, Guiton et al. found that chicks that imprinted on inflated yellow rubber gloves would try to mate with them as adults (as Lorenz) predicted, but in the end they found that with experience, they eventually learned to prefer mating with other chickens.
This suggests that the impact of imprinting on mating behaviour is not as permanent as believed.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Harlow’s study lacked control, because there were confounding variables present.
Harlow used 2 different monkeys (cloth and wire), which had ‘different heads.’
This was a confounding variable that should’ve been controlled, why?

Answer 32

This was a confounding variable that should’ve been controlled, because it could’ve had a huge impact on the results

Question 33

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the samples used in Lorenz’s study, birds (geese), are not representative of humans.
The attachment systems in mammals and humans in particular might be different.
For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds.
Therefore, Lorenz’ findings lack generalisability to humans.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is contradictory research for Lorenz’s study of attachment.
For example, Guiton et al. found that chicks that imprinted on inflated yellow rubber gloves would try to mate with them as adults (as Lorenz) predicted, but in the end they found that with experience, they eventually learned to prefer mating with other chickens.
This suggests that the impact of imprinting on mating behaviour is not as permanent as believed.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Harlow’s study lacked control, because there were confounding variables present.
Harlow used 2 different monkeys (cloth and wire), which had ‘different heads.’
This was a confounding variable that should’ve been controlled, because it could’ve had a huge impact on the results.
What did the monkeys have a choice of?

Answer 33

The monkeys had a choice of 2 mothers

Question 34

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the samples used in Lorenz’s study, birds (geese), are not representative of humans.
The attachment systems in mammals and humans in particular might be different.
For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds.
Therefore, Lorenz’ findings lack generalisability to humans.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is contradictory research for Lorenz’s study of attachment.
For example, Guiton et al. found that chicks that imprinted on inflated yellow rubber gloves would try to mate with them as adults (as Lorenz) predicted, but in the end they found that with experience, they eventually learned to prefer mating with other chickens.
This suggests that the impact of imprinting on mating behaviour is not as permanent as believed.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Harlow’s study lacked control, because there were confounding variables present.
Harlow used 2 different monkeys (cloth and wire), which had ‘different heads.’
This was a confounding variable that should’ve been controlled, because it could’ve had a huge impact on the results.
The monkeys had a choice of 2 mothers, but what?

Answer 34

The monkeys had a choice of 2 mothers, but the mothers had different faces

Question 35

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the samples used in Lorenz’s study, birds (geese), are not representative of humans.
The attachment systems in mammals and humans in particular might be different.
For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds.
Therefore, Lorenz’ findings lack generalisability to humans.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is contradictory research for Lorenz’s study of attachment.
For example, Guiton et al. found that chicks that imprinted on inflated yellow rubber gloves would try to mate with them as adults (as Lorenz) predicted, but in the end they found that with experience, they eventually learned to prefer mating with other chickens.
This suggests that the impact of imprinting on mating behaviour is not as permanent as believed.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Harlow’s study lacked control, because there were confounding variables present.
Harlow used 2 different monkeys (cloth and wire), which had ‘different heads.’
This was a confounding variable that should’ve been controlled, because it could’ve had a huge impact on the results.
The monkeys had a choice of 2 mothers, but the mothers had different faces.
Arguably, what?

Answer 35

Arguably, the comfort mother looked more comforting and monkey-like

Question 36

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the samples used in Lorenz’s study, birds (geese), are not representative of humans.
The attachment systems in mammals and humans in particular might be different.
For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds.
Therefore, Lorenz’ findings lack generalisability to humans.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is contradictory research for Lorenz’s study of attachment.
For example, Guiton et al. found that chicks that imprinted on inflated yellow rubber gloves would try to mate with them as adults (as Lorenz) predicted, but in the end they found that with experience, they eventually learned to prefer mating with other chickens.
This suggests that the impact of imprinting on mating behaviour is not as permanent as believed.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Harlow’s study lacked control, because there were confounding variables present.
Harlow used 2 different monkeys (cloth and wire), which had ‘different heads.’
This was a confounding variable that should’ve been controlled, because it could’ve had a huge impact on the results.
The monkeys had a choice of 2 mothers, but the mothers had different faces.
Arguably, the comfort mother looked more comforting and monkey-like.
What was an important difference?

Answer 36

The cloth vs the wire was an important difference

Question 37

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the samples used in Lorenz’s study, birds (geese), are not representative of humans.
The attachment systems in mammals and humans in particular might be different.
For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds.
Therefore, Lorenz’ findings lack generalisability to humans.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is contradictory research for Lorenz’s study of attachment.
For example, Guiton et al. found that chicks that imprinted on inflated yellow rubber gloves would try to mate with them as adults (as Lorenz) predicted, but in the end they found that with experience, they eventually learned to prefer mating with other chickens.
This suggests that the impact of imprinting on mating behaviour is not as permanent as believed.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Harlow’s study lacked control, because there were confounding variables present.
Harlow used 2 different monkeys (cloth and wire), which had ‘different heads.’
This was a confounding variable that should’ve been controlled, because it could’ve had a huge impact on the results.
The monkeys had a choice of 2 mothers, but the mothers had different faces.
Arguably, the comfort mother looked more comforting and monkey-like.
The cloth vs the wire was an important difference, but what?

Answer 37

The cloth vs the wire was an important difference, but the confounding variable of the mothers having different heads might’ve been the reason why the monkeys preferred the cloth mother over the wire mother

Question 38

Discuss animal studies of attachment (16 marks).
Lorenz divided goose eggs randomly.
Half were hatched with the mother present in the natural environment and half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
The behaviour of all the goslings was recorded.
Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
The attachment bonds were irreversible.
Imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he termed the critical period and was permanent.
Goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting).

Harlow studied attachment using animals as in a controlled environment, infant monkeys were reared with two mother surrogates.
The plain-wire mother dispensed food and the cloth-covered mother had no food.
The time the monkeys spent with each mother was recorded and details of fear conditions.
The long-term effects were also recorded, for example sociability and relationship to offspring.
When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the cloth-covered mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the samples used in Lorenz’s study, birds (geese), are not representative of humans.
The attachment systems in mammals and humans in particular might be different.
For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds.
Therefore, Lorenz’ findings lack generalisability to humans.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is contradictory research for Lorenz’s study of attachment.
For example, Guiton et al. found that chicks that imprinted on inflated yellow rubber gloves would try to mate with them as adults (as Lorenz) predicted, but in the end they found that with experience, they eventually learned to prefer mating with other chickens.
This suggests that the impact of imprinting on mating behaviour is not as permanent as believed.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Harlow’s study lacked control, because there were confounding variables present.
Harlow used 2 different monkeys (cloth and wire), which had ‘different heads.’
This was a confounding variable that should’ve been controlled, because it could’ve had a huge impact on the results.
The monkeys had a choice of 2 mothers, but the mothers had different faces.
Arguably, the comfort mother looked more comforting and monkey-like.
The cloth vs the wire was an important difference, but the confounding variable of the mothers having different heads might’ve been the reason why the monkeys preferred the cloth mother over the wire mother.
Therefore, what?

Answer 38

Therefore, Harlow’s study lacks internal validity