3.1: Schaffer and Emerson (1964) Flashcards
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks)
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
When were they studied?
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
What were conducted?
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about what?
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
What did mothers also have to do?
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
How was attachment measured?
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed how?
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example what?
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
What did strongly attached infants have?
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, what?
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to do what?
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, what?
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.
First AO3 PEEL paragraph
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, why?
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
What does this mean?
This means that the study was reflective of real life
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so what?
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, what?
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.
Second AO3 PEEL paragraph
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, why?
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to what?
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Who was most data from?
Most data was from the mothers
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so what?
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers.
Example
For example, mothers could want to come across as very caring and very attached to their child
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers.
For example, mothers could want to come across as very caring and very attached to their child.
What does this mean?
This means that the study lacks internal validity
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers.
For example, mothers could want to come across as very caring and very attached to their child.
This means that the study lacks internal validity, why?
This means that the study lacks internal validity, because it is difficult to establish their earlier attachment
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers.
For example, mothers could want to come across as very caring and very attached to their child.
This means that the study lacks internal validity, because it is difficult to establish their earlier attachment and therefore hard to do what?
This means that the study lacks internal validity, because it is difficult to establish their earlier attachment and therefore hard to conclude the effect of this on development
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers.
For example, mothers could want to come across as very caring and very attached to their child.
This means that the study lacks internal validity, because it is difficult to establish their earlier attachment and therefore hard to conclude the effect of this on development.
Third AO3 PEEL paragraph
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study lacks generalisability
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers.
For example, mothers could want to come across as very caring and very attached to their child.
This means that the study lacks internal validity, because it is difficult to establish their earlier attachment and therefore hard to conclude the effect of this on development.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study lacks generalisability, why?
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study lacks generalisability, because it was ethnocentric
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers.
For example, mothers could want to come across as very caring and very attached to their child.
This means that the study lacks internal validity, because it is difficult to establish their earlier attachment and therefore hard to conclude the effect of this on development.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study lacks generalisability, because it was ethnocentric, why?
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study lacks generalisability, because it was ethnocentric, as only Scottish babies were used
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers.
For example, mothers could want to come across as very caring and very attached to their child.
This means that the study lacks internal validity, because it is difficult to establish their earlier attachment and therefore hard to conclude the effect of this on development.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study lacks generalisability, because it was ethnocentric, as only Scottish babies were used.
As well as this, what?
As well as this, the 60 babies were mostly from a working-class background and from the same district (Glasgow)
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers.
For example, mothers could want to come across as very caring and very attached to their child.
This means that the study lacks internal validity, because it is difficult to establish their earlier attachment and therefore hard to conclude the effect of this on development.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson's study lacks generalisability, because it was ethnocentric, as only Scottish babies were used. As well as this, the 60 babies were mostly from a working-class background and from the same district (Glasgow). What does this mean?
This means that they’re not representative of the target population
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers.
For example, mothers could want to come across as very caring and very attached to their child.
This means that the study lacks internal validity, because it is difficult to establish their earlier attachment and therefore hard to conclude the effect of this on development.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study lacks generalisability, because it was ethnocentric, as only Scottish babies were used.
As well as this, the 60 babies were mostly from a working-class background and from the same district (Glasgow).
This means that they’re not representative of the target population, why?
This means that they’re not representative of the target population, because child-rearing practices might differ from one culture of social class
Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers.
For example, mothers could want to come across as very caring and very attached to their child.
This means that the study lacks internal validity, because it is difficult to establish their earlier attachment and therefore hard to conclude the effect of this on development.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson's study lacks generalisability, because it was ethnocentric, as only Scottish babies were used. As well as this, the 60 babies were mostly from a working-class background and from the same district (Glasgow). This means that they're not representative of the target population, because child-rearing practices might differ from one culture of social class, so what?
This means that they’re not representative of the target population, because child-rearing practices might differ from one culture of social class, so we cannot generalise the results from the study to other social/cultural groups
