3.1: Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

Question 1

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks)

Answer 1

Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow

Question 2

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
When were they studied?

Answer 2

They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months

Question 3

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
What were conducted?

Answer 3

Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers

Question 4

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about what?

Answer 4

Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect

Question 5

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
What did mothers also have to do?

Answer 5

Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant

Question 6

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
How was attachment measured?

Answer 6

Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety

Question 7

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed how?

Answer 7

Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations

Question 8

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example what?

Answer 8

Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child

Question 9

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
What did strongly attached infants have?

Answer 9

Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction

Question 10

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, what?

Answer 10

By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver

Question 11

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to do what?

Answer 11

Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments

Question 12

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, what?

Answer 12

Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments

Question 13

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.

First AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 13

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism

Question 14

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, why?

Answer 14

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents

Question 15

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
What does this mean?

Answer 15

This means that the study was reflective of real life

Question 16

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so what?

Answer 16

This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually

Question 17

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, what?

Answer 17

Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study

Question 18

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.

Second AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 18

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable

Question 19

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, why?

Answer 19

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers

Question 20

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to what?

Answer 20

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias

Question 21

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Who was most data from?

Answer 21

Most data was from the mothers

Question 22

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so what?

Answer 22

Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers

Question 23

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers.
Example

Answer 23

For example, mothers could want to come across as very caring and very attached to their child

Question 24

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers.
For example, mothers could want to come across as very caring and very attached to their child.
What does this mean?

Answer 24

This means that the study lacks internal validity

Question 25

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers.
For example, mothers could want to come across as very caring and very attached to their child.
This means that the study lacks internal validity, why?

Answer 25

This means that the study lacks internal validity, because it is difficult to establish their earlier attachment

Question 26

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers.
For example, mothers could want to come across as very caring and very attached to their child.
This means that the study lacks internal validity, because it is difficult to establish their earlier attachment and therefore hard to do what?

Answer 26

This means that the study lacks internal validity, because it is difficult to establish their earlier attachment and therefore hard to conclude the effect of this on development

Question 27

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers.
For example, mothers could want to come across as very caring and very attached to their child.
This means that the study lacks internal validity, because it is difficult to establish their earlier attachment and therefore hard to conclude the effect of this on development.

Third AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 27

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study lacks generalisability

Question 28

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers.
For example, mothers could want to come across as very caring and very attached to their child.
This means that the study lacks internal validity, because it is difficult to establish their earlier attachment and therefore hard to conclude the effect of this on development.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study lacks generalisability, why?

Answer 28

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study lacks generalisability, because it was ethnocentric

Question 29

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers.
For example, mothers could want to come across as very caring and very attached to their child.
This means that the study lacks internal validity, because it is difficult to establish their earlier attachment and therefore hard to conclude the effect of this on development.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study lacks generalisability, because it was ethnocentric, why?

Answer 29

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study lacks generalisability, because it was ethnocentric, as only Scottish babies were used

Question 30

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers.
For example, mothers could want to come across as very caring and very attached to their child.
This means that the study lacks internal validity, because it is difficult to establish their earlier attachment and therefore hard to conclude the effect of this on development.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study lacks generalisability, because it was ethnocentric, as only Scottish babies were used.
As well as this, what?

Answer 30

As well as this, the 60 babies were mostly from a working-class background and from the same district (Glasgow)

Question 31

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers.
For example, mothers could want to come across as very caring and very attached to their child.
This means that the study lacks internal validity, because it is difficult to establish their earlier attachment and therefore hard to conclude the effect of this on development.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson's study lacks generalisability, because it was ethnocentric, as only Scottish babies were used.
As well as this, the 60 babies were mostly from a working-class background and from the same district (Glasgow).
What does this mean?

Answer 31

This means that they’re not representative of the target population

Question 32

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers.
For example, mothers could want to come across as very caring and very attached to their child.
This means that the study lacks internal validity, because it is difficult to establish their earlier attachment and therefore hard to conclude the effect of this on development.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study lacks generalisability, because it was ethnocentric, as only Scottish babies were used.
As well as this, the 60 babies were mostly from a working-class background and from the same district (Glasgow).
This means that they’re not representative of the target population, why?

Answer 32

This means that they’re not representative of the target population, because child-rearing practices might differ from one culture of social class

Question 33

Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (16 marks).
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study upon a sample of 60 newborn babies and their mothers from a working-class area of Glasgow.
They were studied each month for the first year of their lives in their own homes and again at 18 months.
Observations were conducted, as well as interviews with the mothers, with questions being asked about whom infants smiled at, whom they responded to, who caused them distress, ect.
Mothers also had to keep a diary about their attachment with their infant.
Attachment was measured in 2 ways - Separation protest and stranger anxiety that were assessed through several everyday situations, for example the infant being put down after being held and the researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed the child.
Strongly attached infants had mothers who responded to their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction.
By 40 weeks old, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment to the primary caregiver.
Most infants went on to develop multiple attachments - At 18 months, almost 90% of the infants had at least 2 attachments.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study has ecological validity and mundane realism, because it was conducted under everyday conditions and in the families’ own homes and most observations (other than stranger anxiety) were done with the actual parents.
This means that the study was reflective of real life, so the behaviour of the children was the same or similar as it would be usually.
Therefore, the findings of the study can be seen as having high external validity and can be applied outside the study.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson’s study is unreliable, because the data was collected by direct observation or from the mothers, with both sources prone to inaccuracy and researcher or social desirability bias.
Most data was from the mothers and so they could’ve lied to make themselves look better by giving desirable answers.
For example, mothers could want to come across as very caring and very attached to their child.
This means that the study lacks internal validity, because it is difficult to establish their earlier attachment and therefore hard to conclude the effect of this on development.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Schaffer and Emerson's study lacks generalisability, because it was ethnocentric, as only Scottish babies were used.
As well as this, the 60 babies were mostly from a working-class background and from the same district (Glasgow).
This means that they're not representative of the target population, because child-rearing practices might differ from one culture of social class, so what?

Answer 33

This means that they’re not representative of the target population, because child-rearing practices might differ from one culture of social class, so we cannot generalise the results from the study to other social/cultural groups