3.5: Institutionalisation

Question 1

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)

Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer

Answer 1

The likely effects of institutionalisation include:
1. Affectionless psychopathy
2. Anaclitic depression
3. Deprivation dwarfism
4. Delinquency
5. Low IQ
,as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study

Question 2

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb

Answer 2

Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage

Question 3

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
What happened to one group of 15 children?

Answer 3

One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered

Question 4

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
What happened to the second group of children?

Answer 4

The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old

Question 5

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
What happened to both groups at age 12?

Answer 5

Both groups were tested at age 12

Question 6

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at age 12 and what?

Answer 6

Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced

Question 7

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
What does this link to?

Answer 7

This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory

Question 8

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
Why does this link to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory?

Answer 8

This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period

Question 9

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period, so what?

Answer 9

This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period, so the child would be damaged, socially, emotionally and intellectually

Question 10

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period, so the child would be damaged, socially, emotionally and intellectually.
What is this further supported by?

Answer 10

This is further supported by Romanian orphan studies

Question 11

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period, so the child would be damaged, socially, emotionally and intellectually.
This is further supported by Romanian orphan studies, why?

Answer 11

This is further supported by Romanian orphan studies, because Rutter et al’s ERA project found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted

Question 12

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period, so the child would be damaged, socially, emotionally and intellectually.
This is further supported by Romanian orphan studies, because Rutter et al’s ERA project found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
Example

Answer 12

For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years

Question 13

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period, so the child would be damaged, socially, emotionally and intellectually.
This is further supported by Romanian orphan studies, because Rutter et al’s ERA project found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.

First AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 13

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is evidence that the adverse effects of institutionalisation can be overcome with adequate substitute care

Question 14

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period, so the child would be damaged, socially, emotionally and intellectually.
This is further supported by Romanian orphan studies, because Rutter et al’s ERA project found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is evidence that the adverse effects of institutionalisation can be overcome with adequate substitute care.
Example

Answer 14

For example, Tizard and Hodges found that institutional care has long-lasting effects, but that the development of close attachments is possible with loving care, as provided by adoptive parents

Question 15

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period, so the child would be damaged, socially, emotionally and intellectually.
This is further supported by Romanian orphan studies, because Rutter et al’s ERA project found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is evidence that the adverse effects of institutionalisation can be overcome with adequate substitute care.
For example, Tizard and Hodges found that institutional care has long-lasting effects, but that the development of close attachments is possible with loving care, as provided by adoptive parents.

Second AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 15

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions

Question 16

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period, so the child would be damaged, socially, emotionally and intellectually.
This is further supported by Romanian orphan studies, because Rutter et al’s ERA project found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is evidence that the adverse effects of institutionalisation can be overcome with adequate substitute care.
For example, Tizard and Hodges found that institutional care has long-lasting effects, but that the development of close attachments is possible with loving care, as provided by adoptive parents.

Second AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 16

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions

Question 17

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period, so the child would be damaged, socially, emotionally and intellectually.
This is further supported by Romanian orphan studies, because Rutter et al’s ERA project found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is evidence that the adverse effects of institutionalisation can be overcome with adequate substitute care.
For example, Tizard and Hodges found that institutional care has long-lasting effects, but that the development of close attachments is possible with loving care, as provided by adoptive parents.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
What did the researchers not interfere with?

Answer 17

The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process

Question 18

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period, so the child would be damaged, socially, emotionally and intellectually.
This is further supported by Romanian orphan studies, because Rutter et al’s ERA project found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is evidence that the adverse effects of institutionalisation can be overcome with adequate substitute care.
For example, Tizard and Hodges found that institutional care has long-lasting effects, but that the development of close attachments is possible with loving care, as provided by adoptive parents.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
What does this mean?

Answer 18

This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones

Question 19

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period, so the child would be damaged, socially, emotionally and intellectually.
This is further supported by Romanian orphan studies, because Rutter et al’s ERA project found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is evidence that the adverse effects of institutionalisation can be overcome with adequate substitute care.
For example, Tizard and Hodges found that institutional care has long-lasting effects, but that the development of close attachments is possible with loving care, as provided by adoptive parents.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a what?

Answer 19

This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a confounding variable

Question 20

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period, so the child would be damaged, socially, emotionally and intellectually.
This is further supported by Romanian orphan studies, because Rutter et al’s ERA project found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is evidence that the adverse effects of institutionalisation can be overcome with adequate substitute care.
For example, Tizard and Hodges found that institutional care has long-lasting effects, but that the development of close attachments is possible with loving care, as provided by adoptive parents.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a confounding variable.
What does this mean?

Answer 20

This means that the findings are not valid

Question 21

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period, so the child would be damaged, socially, emotionally and intellectually.
This is further supported by Romanian orphan studies, because Rutter et al’s ERA project found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is evidence that the adverse effects of institutionalisation can be overcome with adequate substitute care.
For example, Tizard and Hodges found that institutional care has long-lasting effects, but that the development of close attachments is possible with loving care, as provided by adoptive parents.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a confounding variable.
This means that the findings are not valid.
To control such variables, what?

Answer 21

To control such variables, another major investigation of fostering vs institutional care did use random allocation

Question 22

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period, so the child would be damaged, socially, emotionally and intellectually.
This is further supported by Romanian orphan studies, because Rutter et al’s ERA project found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is evidence that the adverse effects of institutionalisation can be overcome with adequate substitute care.
For example, Tizard and Hodges found that institutional care has long-lasting effects, but that the development of close attachments is possible with loving care, as provided by adoptive parents.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a confounding variable.
This means that the findings are not valid.
To control such variables, another major investigation of fostering vs institutional care did use random allocation: What?

Answer 22

To control such variables, another major investigation of fostering vs institutional care did use random allocation: In the Bucharest Early Intervention project, Romanian orphans were randomly allocated to fostering or institutional care

Question 23

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period, so the child would be damaged, socially, emotionally and intellectually.
This is further supported by Romanian orphan studies, because Rutter et al’s ERA project found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is evidence that the adverse effects of institutionalisation can be overcome with adequate substitute care.
For example, Tizard and Hodges found that institutional care has long-lasting effects, but that the development of close attachments is possible with loving care, as provided by adoptive parents.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a confounding variable.
This means that the findings are not valid.
To control such variables, another major investigation of fostering vs institutional care did use random allocation: In the Bucharest Early Intervention project, Romanian orphans were randomly allocated to fostering or institutional care.
Why is this methodologically better?

Answer 23

This is methodologically better, because it removes the confounding variable of which children are chosen by parents

Question 24

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period, so the child would be damaged, socially, emotionally and intellectually.
This is further supported by Romanian orphan studies, because Rutter et al’s ERA project found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is evidence that the adverse effects of institutionalisation can be overcome with adequate substitute care.
For example, Tizard and Hodges found that institutional care has long-lasting effects, but that the development of close attachments is possible with loving care, as provided by adoptive parents.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a confounding variable.
This means that the findings are not valid.
To control such variables, another major investigation of fostering vs institutional care did use random allocation: In the Bucharest Early Intervention project, Romanian orphans were randomly allocated to fostering or institutional care.
This is methodologically better, because it removes the confounding variable of which children are chosen by parents, but what?

Answer 24

This is methodologically better, because it removes the confounding variable of which children are chosen by parents, but it raises ethical issues

Question 25

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period, so the child would be damaged, socially, emotionally and intellectually.
This is further supported by Romanian orphan studies, because Rutter et al’s ERA project found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is evidence that the adverse effects of institutionalisation can be overcome with adequate substitute care.
For example, Tizard and Hodges found that institutional care has long-lasting effects, but that the development of close attachments is possible with loving care, as provided by adoptive parents.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a confounding variable.
This means that the findings are not valid.
To control such variables, another major investigation of fostering vs institutional care did use random allocation: In the Bucharest Early Intervention project, Romanian orphans were randomly allocated to fostering or institutional care.
This is methodologically better, because it removes the confounding variable of which children are chosen by parents, but it raises ethical issues.

Third AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 25

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the long-term effects are not yet clear

Question 26

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period, so the child would be damaged, socially, emotionally and intellectually.
This is further supported by Romanian orphan studies, because Rutter et al’s ERA project found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is evidence that the adverse effects of institutionalisation can be overcome with adequate substitute care.
For example, Tizard and Hodges found that institutional care has long-lasting effects, but that the development of close attachments is possible with loving care, as provided by adoptive parents.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a confounding variable.
This means that the findings are not valid.
To control such variables, another major investigation of fostering vs institutional care did use random allocation: In the Bucharest Early Intervention project, Romanian orphans were randomly allocated to fostering or institutional care.
This is methodologically better, because it removes the confounding variable of which children are chosen by parents, but it raises ethical issues.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the long-term effects are not yet clear.
Studies have found some lasting effects of institutionalisation, in particular for who?

Answer 26

Studies have found some lasting effects of institutionalisation, in particular for those adopted late

Question 27

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period, so the child would be damaged, socially, emotionally and intellectually.
This is further supported by Romanian orphan studies, because Rutter et al’s ERA project found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is evidence that the adverse effects of institutionalisation can be overcome with adequate substitute care.
For example, Tizard and Hodges found that institutional care has long-lasting effects, but that the development of close attachments is possible with loving care, as provided by adoptive parents.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a confounding variable.
This means that the findings are not valid.
To control such variables, another major investigation of fostering vs institutional care did use random allocation: In the Bucharest Early Intervention project, Romanian orphans were randomly allocated to fostering or institutional care.
This is methodologically better, because it removes the confounding variable of which children are chosen by parents, but it raises ethical issues.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the long-term effects are not yet clear.
Studies have found some lasting effects of institutionalisation, in particular for those adopted late, but what?

Answer 27

Studies have found some lasting effects of institutionalisation, in particular for those adopted late, but it is too soon to say with certainty whether children suffered short or long-term effects

Question 28

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period, so the child would be damaged, socially, emotionally and intellectually.
This is further supported by Romanian orphan studies, because Rutter et al’s ERA project found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is evidence that the adverse effects of institutionalisation can be overcome with adequate substitute care.
For example, Tizard and Hodges found that institutional care has long-lasting effects, but that the development of close attachments is possible with loving care, as provided by adoptive parents.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a confounding variable.
This means that the findings are not valid.
To control such variables, another major investigation of fostering vs institutional care did use random allocation: In the Bucharest Early Intervention project, Romanian orphans were randomly allocated to fostering or institutional care.
This is methodologically better, because it removes the confounding variable of which children are chosen by parents, but it raises ethical issues.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the long-term effects are not yet clear.
Studies have found some lasting effects of institutionalisation, in particular for those adopted late, but it is too soon to say with certainty whether children suffered short or long-term effects.
Example

Answer 28

For example, early-adopted/fostered children who appear to have no issues now may experience emotional problems as adults

Question 29

Discuss the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)
Refer to the studies of Romanian orphans in your answer.
The likely effects of institutionalisation include affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression, deprivation dwarfism, delinquency and low IQ, as found by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study and Goldfarb’s study.
Goldfarb compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but were then fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced.
This links to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because the second group of children had a lack of an internal working model and an attachment didn’t form within the critical (sensitive) period, so the child would be damaged, socially, emotionally and intellectually.
This is further supported by Romanian orphan studies, because Rutter et al’s ERA project found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is evidence that the adverse effects of institutionalisation can be overcome with adequate substitute care.
For example, Tizard and Hodges found that institutional care has long-lasting effects, but that the development of close attachments is possible with loving care, as provided by adoptive parents.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a confounding variable.
This means that the findings are not valid.
To control such variables, another major investigation of fostering vs institutional care did use random allocation: In the Bucharest Early Intervention project, Romanian orphans were randomly allocated to fostering or institutional care.
This is methodologically better, because it removes the confounding variable of which children are chosen by parents, but it raises ethical issues.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that the long-term effects are not yet clear.
Studies have found some lasting effects of institutionalisation, in particular for those adopted late, but it is too soon to say with certainty whether children suffered short or long-term effects.
For example, early-adopted/fostered children who appear to have no issues now may experience emotional problems as adults.
What does this imply?

Answer 29

This implies that we cannot draw effective conclusions about the effects of institutionalisation

Question 30

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks)

Answer 30

Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain

Question 31

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
What served as a control group?

Answer 31

A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group

Question 32

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
What did they find?

Answer 32

They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted

Question 33

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
Example

Answer 33

For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years

Question 34

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
When did these differences remain?

Answer 34

These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al)

Question 35

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, what did those children adopted after 6 months show?

Answer 35

However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment

Question 36

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include what?

Answer 36

However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include:

1. Attention-seeking
2. Clinginess
3. Social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults

Question 37

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both who?

Answer 37

However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include:

1. Attention-seeking
2. Clinginess
3. Social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar

Question 38

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
What did those children adopted before 6 months rarely display?

Answer 38

Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment

Question 39

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al.

Answer 39

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care

Question 40

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
Who were they compared to?

Answer 40

They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution

Question 41

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
What percentage of institutionalised children did the description of disinhibited attachment apply to?

Answer 41

The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children

Question 42

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to what?

Answer 42

The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to less than 20% of the control group

Question 43

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to less than 20% of the control group.

First AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 43

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study

Question 44

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to less than 20% of the control group.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study, which helped do what?

Answer 44

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study, which helped measure the lives of the children over many years

Question 45

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to less than 20% of the control group.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study, which helped measure the lives of the children over many years to do what?

Answer 45

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study, which helped measure the lives of the children over many years to truly understand the lasting differences that occurred in orphans

Question 46

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to less than 20% of the control group.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study, which helped measure the lives of the children over many years to truly understand the lasting differences that occurred in orphans.
What did this also help to do?

Answer 46

This also helped to identify consistent changes that may disappear over time, but be mistakenly concluded to be definite due to institutionalisation

Question 47

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to less than 20% of the control group.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study, which helped measure the lives of the children over many years to truly understand the lasting differences that occurred in orphans.
This also helped to identify consistent changes that may disappear over time, but be mistakenly concluded to be definite due to institutionalisation.
What is a weakness of longitudinal studies however?

Answer 47

A weakness with longitudinal studies however, is that a number of factors and extraneous variables may affect the results

Question 48

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to less than 20% of the control group.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study, which helped measure the lives of the children over many years to truly understand the lasting differences that occurred in orphans.
This also helped to identify consistent changes that may disappear over time, but be mistakenly concluded to be definite due to institutionalisation.
A weakness with longitudinal studies however, is that a number of factors and extraneous variables may affect the results.
Example

Answer 48

For example, the Romanian orphans may actually display poor development not due to institutionalisation, but other factors whilst they were there

Question 49

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to less than 20% of the control group.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study, which helped measure the lives of the children over many years to truly understand the lasting differences that occurred in orphans.
This also helped to identify consistent changes that may disappear over time, but be mistakenly concluded to be definite due to institutionalisation.
A weakness with longitudinal studies however, is that a number of factors and extraneous variables may affect the results.
For example, the Romanian orphans may actually display poor development not due to institutionalisation, but other factors, such as what, whilst they were there?

Answer 49

For example, the Romanian orphans may actually display poor development not due to institutionalisation, but other factors, such as poor cognitive stimulation, whilst they were there

Question 50

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to less than 20% of the control group.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study, which helped measure the lives of the children over many years to truly understand the lasting differences that occurred in orphans.
This also helped to identify consistent changes that may disappear over time, but be mistakenly concluded to be definite due to institutionalisation.
A weakness with longitudinal studies however, is that a number of factors and extraneous variables may affect the results.
For example, the Romanian orphans may actually display poor development not due to institutionalisation, but other factors, such as poor cognitive stimulation, whilst they were there.

Second AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 50

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions

Question 51

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to less than 20% of the control group.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study, which helped measure the lives of the children over many years to truly understand the lasting differences that occurred in orphans.
This also helped to identify consistent changes that may disappear over time, but be mistakenly concluded to be definite due to institutionalisation.
A weakness with longitudinal studies however, is that a number of factors and extraneous variables may affect the results.
For example, the Romanian orphans may actually display poor development not due to institutionalisation, but other factors, such as poor cognitive stimulation, whilst they were there.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
What did the researchers not interfere with?

Answer 51

The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process

Question 52

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to less than 20% of the control group.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study, which helped measure the lives of the children over many years to truly understand the lasting differences that occurred in orphans.
This also helped to identify consistent changes that may disappear over time, but be mistakenly concluded to be definite due to institutionalisation.
A weakness with longitudinal studies however, is that a number of factors and extraneous variables may affect the results.
For example, the Romanian orphans may actually display poor development not due to institutionalisation, but other factors, such as poor cognitive stimulation, whilst they were there.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
What does this mean?

Answer 52

This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones

Question 53

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to less than 20% of the control group.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study, which helped measure the lives of the children over many years to truly understand the lasting differences that occurred in orphans.
This also helped to identify consistent changes that may disappear over time, but be mistakenly concluded to be definite due to institutionalisation.
A weakness with longitudinal studies however, is that a number of factors and extraneous variables may affect the results.
For example, the Romanian orphans may actually display poor development not due to institutionalisation, but other factors, such as poor cognitive stimulation, whilst they were there.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a what?

Answer 53

This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a confounding variable

Question 54

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to less than 20% of the control group.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study, which helped measure the lives of the children over many years to truly understand the lasting differences that occurred in orphans.
This also helped to identify consistent changes that may disappear over time, but be mistakenly concluded to be definite due to institutionalisation.
A weakness with longitudinal studies however, is that a number of factors and extraneous variables may affect the results.
For example, the Romanian orphans may actually display poor development not due to institutionalisation, but other factors, such as poor cognitive stimulation, whilst they were there.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a confounding variable.
What does this mean?

Answer 54

This means that the findings are not valid

Question 55

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to less than 20% of the control group.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study, which helped measure the lives of the children over many years to truly understand the lasting differences that occurred in orphans.
This also helped to identify consistent changes that may disappear over time, but be mistakenly concluded to be definite due to institutionalisation.
A weakness with longitudinal studies however, is that a number of factors and extraneous variables may affect the results.
For example, the Romanian orphans may actually display poor development not due to institutionalisation, but other factors, such as poor cognitive stimulation, whilst they were there.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a confounding variable.
This means that the findings are not valid.

Third AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 55

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that to control such variables, another major investigation of fostering vs institutional care did use random allocation

Question 56

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to less than 20% of the control group.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study, which helped measure the lives of the children over many years to truly understand the lasting differences that occurred in orphans.
This also helped to identify consistent changes that may disappear over time, but be mistakenly concluded to be definite due to institutionalisation.
A weakness with longitudinal studies however, is that a number of factors and extraneous variables may affect the results.
For example, the Romanian orphans may actually display poor development not due to institutionalisation, but other factors, such as poor cognitive stimulation, whilst they were there.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a confounding variable.
This means that the findings are not valid.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that to control such variables, another major investigation of fostering vs institutional care did use random allocation: What?

Answer 56

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that to control such variables, another major investigation of fostering vs institutional care did use random allocation: In the Bucharest Early Intervention project, Romanian orphans were randomly allocated to fostering or institutional care

Question 57

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to less than 20% of the control group.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study, which helped measure the lives of the children over many years to truly understand the lasting differences that occurred in orphans.
This also helped to identify consistent changes that may disappear over time, but be mistakenly concluded to be definite due to institutionalisation.
A weakness with longitudinal studies however, is that a number of factors and extraneous variables may affect the results.
For example, the Romanian orphans may actually display poor development not due to institutionalisation, but other factors, such as poor cognitive stimulation, whilst they were there.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a confounding variable.
This means that the findings are not valid.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that to control such variables, another major investigation of fostering vs institutional care did use random allocation: In the Bucharest Early Intervention project, Romanian orphans were randomly allocated to fostering or institutional care.
Why is this methodologically better?

Answer 57

This is methodologically better, because it removes the confounding variable of which children are chosen by parents

Question 58

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to less than 20% of the control group.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study, which helped measure the lives of the children over many years to truly understand the lasting differences that occurred in orphans.
This also helped to identify consistent changes that may disappear over time, but be mistakenly concluded to be definite due to institutionalisation.
A weakness with longitudinal studies however, is that a number of factors and extraneous variables may affect the results.
For example, the Romanian orphans may actually display poor development not due to institutionalisation, but other factors, such as poor cognitive stimulation, whilst they were there.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a confounding variable.
This means that the findings are not valid.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that to control such variables, another major investigation of fostering vs institutional care did use random allocation: In the Bucharest Early Intervention project, Romanian orphans were randomly allocated to fostering or institutional care.
This is methodologically better, because it removes the confounding variable of which children are chosen by parents, but what?

Answer 58

This is methodologically better, because it removes the confounding variable of which children are chosen by parents, but it raises ethical issues

Question 59

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to less than 20% of the control group.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study, which helped measure the lives of the children over many years to truly understand the lasting differences that occurred in orphans.
This also helped to identify consistent changes that may disappear over time, but be mistakenly concluded to be definite due to institutionalisation.
A weakness with longitudinal studies however, is that a number of factors and extraneous variables may affect the results.
For example, the Romanian orphans may actually display poor development not due to institutionalisation, but other factors, such as poor cognitive stimulation, whilst they were there.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a confounding variable.
This means that the findings are not valid.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that to control such variables, another major investigation of fostering vs institutional care did use random allocation: In the Bucharest Early Intervention project, Romanian orphans were randomly allocated to fostering or institutional care.
This is methodologically better, because it removes the confounding variable of which children are chosen by parents, but it raises ethical issues.

Fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 59

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that research related to the effects of institutionalisation has real-life application

Question 60

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to less than 20% of the control group.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study, which helped measure the lives of the children over many years to truly understand the lasting differences that occurred in orphans.
This also helped to identify consistent changes that may disappear over time, but be mistakenly concluded to be definite due to institutionalisation.
A weakness with longitudinal studies however, is that a number of factors and extraneous variables may affect the results.
For example, the Romanian orphans may actually display poor development not due to institutionalisation, but other factors, such as poor cognitive stimulation, whilst they were there.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a confounding variable.
This means that the findings are not valid.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that to control such variables, another major investigation of fostering vs institutional care did use random allocation: In the Bucharest Early Intervention project, Romanian orphans were randomly allocated to fostering or institutional care.
This is methodologically better, because it removes the confounding variable of which children are chosen by parents, but it raises ethical issues.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that research related to the effects of institutionalisation has real-life application.
What has it enhanced our understanding of?

Answer 60

It has enhanced our understanding of the effects of institutionalisation

Question 61

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to less than 20% of the control group.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study, which helped measure the lives of the children over many years to truly understand the lasting differences that occurred in orphans.
This also helped to identify consistent changes that may disappear over time, but be mistakenly concluded to be definite due to institutionalisation.
A weakness with longitudinal studies however, is that a number of factors and extraneous variables may affect the results.
For example, the Romanian orphans may actually display poor development not due to institutionalisation, but other factors, such as poor cognitive stimulation, whilst they were there.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a confounding variable.
This means that the findings are not valid.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that to control such variables, another major investigation of fostering vs institutional care did use random allocation: In the Bucharest Early Intervention project, Romanian orphans were randomly allocated to fostering or institutional care.
This is methodologically better, because it removes the confounding variable of which children are chosen by parents, but it raises ethical issues.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that research related to the effects of institutionalisation has real-life application.
It has enhanced our understanding of the effects of institutionalisation.
What have such results led to?

Answer 61

Such results have led to improvements in the way children are cared for in institutions (Langton)

Question 62

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to less than 20% of the control group.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study, which helped measure the lives of the children over many years to truly understand the lasting differences that occurred in orphans.
This also helped to identify consistent changes that may disappear over time, but be mistakenly concluded to be definite due to institutionalisation.
A weakness with longitudinal studies however, is that a number of factors and extraneous variables may affect the results.
For example, the Romanian orphans may actually display poor development not due to institutionalisation, but other factors, such as poor cognitive stimulation, whilst they were there.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a confounding variable.
This means that the findings are not valid.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that to control such variables, another major investigation of fostering vs institutional care did use random allocation: In the Bucharest Early Intervention project, Romanian orphans were randomly allocated to fostering or institutional care.
This is methodologically better, because it removes the confounding variable of which children are chosen by parents, but it raises ethical issues.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that research related to the effects of institutionalisation has real-life application.
It has enhanced our understanding of the effects of institutionalisation.
Such results have led to improvements in the way children are cared for in institutions (Langton).
Example

Answer 62

For example, orphanages and children’s homes now ensure that perhaps only one or two people play a central role for a child, so that the chances of children displaying disinhibited attachment are reduced

Question 63

Discuss research related to the effects of institutionalisation (16 marks).
Rutter et al’s ERA project was that physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
A group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group.
They found that the mean IQ decreased for adopted children the later they were adopted.
For example, the mean IQ of those adopted before the age of 6 months was 102, compared to 77 for those adopted after 2 years.
These differences remained at age 16 (Beckett et al).
However, those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment, for which symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar.
Those children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 Romanian orphans aged 12 - 31 months who had spent 90% on average of their lives in institutional care.
They were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution.
The description of disinhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children, as opposed to less than 20% of the control group.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one strength of Rutter’s Romanian orphan study was that it was a longitudinal study, which helped measure the lives of the children over many years to truly understand the lasting differences that occurred in orphans.
This also helped to identify consistent changes that may disappear over time, but be mistakenly concluded to be definite due to institutionalisation.
A weakness with longitudinal studies however, is that a number of factors and extraneous variables may affect the results.
For example, the Romanian orphans may actually display poor development not due to institutionalisation, but other factors, such as poor cognitive stimulation, whilst they were there.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that one of the methodological issues for Rutter et al’s ERA project is that children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
The researchers did not interfere with the adoption process.
This means that those children adopted early may have been the more sociable ones, a confounding variable.
This means that the findings are not valid.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that to control such variables, another major investigation of fostering vs institutional care did use random allocation: In the Bucharest Early Intervention project, Romanian orphans were randomly allocated to fostering or institutional care.
This is methodologically better, because it removes the confounding variable of which children are chosen by parents, but it raises ethical issues.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that research related to the effects of institutionalisation has real-life application.
It has enhanced our understanding of the effects of institutionalisation.
Such results have led to improvements in the way children are cared for in institutions (Langton).
For example, orphanages and children’s homes now ensure that perhaps only one or two people play a central role for a child, so that the chances of children displaying disinhibited attachment are reduced.
What does this show?

Answer 63

This shows that research related to the effects of institutionalisation has been immensely valuable in practical terms