3.5: Short-term separation

Question 1

Discuss Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (16 marks)

Answer 1

Bowlby believed that infants form a single attachment and that there is a critical period for this

Question 2

Discuss Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby believed that infants form a single attachment and that there is a critical period for this.
What happens if an attachment is disrupted or not formed after this?

Answer 2

If an attachment is disrupted or not formed after this, it is too late - The consequences cannot be reversed

Question 3

Discuss Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby believed that infants form a single attachment and that there is a critical period for this.
If an attachment is disrupted or not formed after this, it is too late - The consequences cannot be reversed.
What does the internal working model do?

Answer 3

The internal working model forms a template for later relationships

Question 4

Discuss Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby believed that infants form a single attachment and that there is a critical period for this.
If an attachment is disrupted or not formed after this, it is too late - The consequences cannot be reversed.
The internal working model forms a template for later relationships and what do Bowlby’s consequences of maternal deprivation include?

Answer 4

The internal working model forms a template for later relationships and Bowlby’s consequences of maternal deprivation include:

1. Delinquency
2. Low IQ
3. Affectionless psychopathy

Question 5

Discuss Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby believed that infants form a single attachment and that there is a critical period for this.
If an attachment is disrupted or not formed after this, it is too late - The consequences cannot be reversed.
The internal working model forms a template for later relationships and Bowlby’s consequences of maternal deprivation include delinquency, low IQ and affectionless psychopathy.
What does Bowlby argue?

Answer 5

Bowlby argues that disruption of the attachment bond, even short-term disruptions, results in serious, permanent damage to a child’s emotional, cognitive and social development

Question 6

Discuss Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby believed that infants form a single attachment and that there is a critical period for this.
If an attachment is disrupted or not formed after this, it is too late - The consequences cannot be reversed.
The internal working model forms a template for later relationships and Bowlby’s consequences of maternal deprivation include delinquency, low IQ and affectionless psychopathy.
Bowlby argues that disruption of the attachment bond, even short-term disruptions, results in serious, permanent damage to a child’s emotional, cognitive and social development.
How can disruptions occur?

Answer 6

Disruptions can occur in 3 basic ways:

1. Short-term separation
2. Long-term deprivation
3. Privation

Question 7

Discuss Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby believed that infants form a single attachment and that there is a critical period for this.
If an attachment is disrupted or not formed after this, it is too late - The consequences cannot be reversed.
The internal working model forms a template for later relationships and Bowlby’s consequences of maternal deprivation include delinquency, low IQ and affectionless psychopathy.
Bowlby argues that disruption of the attachment bond, even short-term disruptions, results in serious, permanent damage to a child’s emotional, cognitive and social development.
Disruptions can occur in 3 basic ways - Short-term separation, long-term deprivation and privation.
How did Bowlby describe the distress caused by short-term separation?

Answer 7

Bowlby described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves:

1. Protest
2. Despair
3. Detachment

Question 8

Discuss Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby believed that infants form a single attachment and that there is a critical period for this.
If an attachment is disrupted or not formed after this, it is too late - The consequences cannot be reversed.
The internal working model forms a template for later relationships and Bowlby’s consequences of maternal deprivation include delinquency, low IQ and affectionless psychopathy.
Bowlby argues that disruption of the attachment bond, even short-term disruptions, results in serious, permanent damage to a child’s emotional, cognitive and social development.
Disruptions can occur in 3 basic ways - Short-term separation, long-term deprivation and privation.
Bowlby described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves - Protest, Despair and Detachment.

First AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 8

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation

Question 9

Discuss Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby believed that infants form a single attachment and that there is a critical period for this.
If an attachment is disrupted or not formed after this, it is too late - The consequences cannot be reversed.
The internal working model forms a template for later relationships and Bowlby’s consequences of maternal deprivation include delinquency, low IQ and affectionless psychopathy.
Bowlby argues that disruption of the attachment bond, even short-term disruptions, results in serious, permanent damage to a child’s emotional, cognitive and social development.
Disruptions can occur in 3 basic ways - Short-term separation, long-term deprivation and privation.
Bowlby described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves - Protest, Despair and Detachment.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation.
Example

Answer 9

For example, Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation

Question 10

Discuss Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby believed that infants form a single attachment and that there is a critical period for this.
If an attachment is disrupted or not formed after this, it is too late - The consequences cannot be reversed.
The internal working model forms a template for later relationships and Bowlby’s consequences of maternal deprivation include delinquency, low IQ and affectionless psychopathy.
Bowlby argues that disruption of the attachment bond, even short-term disruptions, results in serious, permanent damage to a child’s emotional, cognitive and social development.
Disruptions can occur in 3 basic ways - Short-term separation, long-term deprivation and privation.
Bowlby described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves - Protest, Despair and Detachment.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation.
For example, Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.
What does this suggest?

Answer 10

This suggests that Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation is valid

Question 11

Discuss Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby believed that infants form a single attachment and that there is a critical period for this.
If an attachment is disrupted or not formed after this, it is too late - The consequences cannot be reversed.
The internal working model forms a template for later relationships and Bowlby’s consequences of maternal deprivation include delinquency, low IQ and affectionless psychopathy.
Bowlby argues that disruption of the attachment bond, even short-term disruptions, results in serious, permanent damage to a child’s emotional, cognitive and social development.
Disruptions can occur in 3 basic ways - Short-term separation, long-term deprivation and privation.
Bowlby described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves - Protest, Despair and Detachment.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation.
For example, Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.
This suggests that Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation is valid.

Second AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 11

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there is contradictory research

Question 12

Discuss Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby believed that infants form a single attachment and that there is a critical period for this.
If an attachment is disrupted or not formed after this, it is too late - The consequences cannot be reversed.
The internal working model forms a template for later relationships and Bowlby’s consequences of maternal deprivation include delinquency, low IQ and affectionless psychopathy.
Bowlby argues that disruption of the attachment bond, even short-term disruptions, results in serious, permanent damage to a child’s emotional, cognitive and social development.
Disruptions can occur in 3 basic ways - Short-term separation, long-term deprivation and privation.
Bowlby described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves - Protest, Despair and Detachment.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation.
For example, Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.
This suggests that Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation is valid.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there is contradictory research.
Example

Answer 12

For example, Lewis (1954) partially replicated Bowlby’s 44 thieves study on a larger scale, looking at 500 young people.
In her sample, a history of early prolonged maternal separation did not predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships

Question 13

Discuss Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby believed that infants form a single attachment and that there is a critical period for this.
If an attachment is disrupted or not formed after this, it is too late - The consequences cannot be reversed.
The internal working model forms a template for later relationships and Bowlby’s consequences of maternal deprivation include delinquency, low IQ and affectionless psychopathy.
Bowlby argues that disruption of the attachment bond, even short-term disruptions, results in serious, permanent damage to a child’s emotional, cognitive and social development.
Disruptions can occur in 3 basic ways - Short-term separation, long-term deprivation and privation.
Bowlby described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves - Protest, Despair and Detachment.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation.
For example, Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.
This suggests that Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation is valid.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there is contradictory research.
For example, Lewis (1954) partially replicated Bowlby’s 44 thieves study on a larger scale, looking at 500 young people.
In her sample, a history of early prolonged maternal separation did not predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships.
Why does this suggest that Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation isn’t valid?

Answer 13

This suggests that Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation isn’t valid, because other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation

Question 14

Discuss Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby believed that infants form a single attachment and that there is a critical period for this.
If an attachment is disrupted or not formed after this, it is too late - The consequences cannot be reversed.
The internal working model forms a template for later relationships and Bowlby’s consequences of maternal deprivation include delinquency, low IQ and affectionless psychopathy.
Bowlby argues that disruption of the attachment bond, even short-term disruptions, results in serious, permanent damage to a child’s emotional, cognitive and social development.
Disruptions can occur in 3 basic ways - Short-term separation, long-term deprivation and privation.
Bowlby described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves - Protest, Despair and Detachment.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation.
For example, Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.
This suggests that Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation is valid.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there is contradictory research.
For example, Lewis (1954) partially replicated Bowlby’s 44 thieves study on a larger scale, looking at 500 young people.
In her sample, a history of early prolonged maternal separation did not predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships.
This suggests that Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation isn’t valid, because other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation, but what?

Answer 14

This suggests that Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation isn’t valid, because other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation, but Bowlby’s 44 thieves study is high in validity

Question 15

Discuss Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby believed that infants form a single attachment and that there is a critical period for this.
If an attachment is disrupted or not formed after this, it is too late - The consequences cannot be reversed.
The internal working model forms a template for later relationships and Bowlby’s consequences of maternal deprivation include delinquency, low IQ and affectionless psychopathy.
Bowlby argues that disruption of the attachment bond, even short-term disruptions, results in serious, permanent damage to a child’s emotional, cognitive and social development.
Disruptions can occur in 3 basic ways - Short-term separation, long-term deprivation and privation.
Bowlby described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves - Protest, Despair and Detachment.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation.
For example, Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.
This suggests that Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation is valid.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there is contradictory research.
For example, Lewis (1954) partially replicated Bowlby’s 44 thieves study on a larger scale, looking at 500 young people.
In her sample, a history of early prolonged maternal separation did not predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships.
This suggests that Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation isn’t valid, because other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation, but Bowlby’s 44 thieves study is high in validity, why?

Answer 15

This suggests that Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation isn’t valid, because other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation, but Bowlby’s 44 thieves study is high in validity, as case studies provide rich and insightful data

Question 16

Discuss Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby believed that infants form a single attachment and that there is a critical period for this.
If an attachment is disrupted or not formed after this, it is too late - The consequences cannot be reversed.
The internal working model forms a template for later relationships and Bowlby’s consequences of maternal deprivation include delinquency, low IQ and affectionless psychopathy.
Bowlby argues that disruption of the attachment bond, even short-term disruptions, results in serious, permanent damage to a child’s emotional, cognitive and social development.
Disruptions can occur in 3 basic ways - Short-term separation, long-term deprivation and privation.
Bowlby described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves - Protest, Despair and Detachment.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation.
For example, Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.
This suggests that Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation is valid.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there is contradictory research.
For example, Lewis (1954) partially replicated Bowlby’s 44 thieves study on a larger scale, looking at 500 young people.
In her sample, a history of early prolonged maternal separation did not predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships.
This suggests that Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation isn’t valid, because other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation, but Bowlby’s 44 thieves study is high in validity, as case studies provide rich and insightful data.

Third AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 16

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Bowlby used the term ‘critical period’

Question 17

Discuss Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby believed that infants form a single attachment and that there is a critical period for this.
If an attachment is disrupted or not formed after this, it is too late - The consequences cannot be reversed.
The internal working model forms a template for later relationships and Bowlby’s consequences of maternal deprivation include delinquency, low IQ and affectionless psychopathy.
Bowlby argues that disruption of the attachment bond, even short-term disruptions, results in serious, permanent damage to a child’s emotional, cognitive and social development.
Disruptions can occur in 3 basic ways - Short-term separation, long-term deprivation and privation.
Bowlby described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves - Protest, Despair and Detachment.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation.
For example, Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.
This suggests that Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation is valid.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there is contradictory research.
For example, Lewis (1954) partially replicated Bowlby’s 44 thieves study on a larger scale, looking at 500 young people.
In her sample, a history of early prolonged maternal separation did not predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships.
This suggests that Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation isn’t valid, because other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation, but Bowlby’s 44 thieves study is high in validity, as case studies provide rich and insightful data.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Bowlby used the term ‘critical period.’
However, what?

Answer 17

However, later research has shown that damage is not inevitable and it may just be a sensitive period instead

Question 18

Discuss Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby believed that infants form a single attachment and that there is a critical period for this.
If an attachment is disrupted or not formed after this, it is too late - The consequences cannot be reversed.
The internal working model forms a template for later relationships and Bowlby’s consequences of maternal deprivation include delinquency, low IQ and affectionless psychopathy.
Bowlby argues that disruption of the attachment bond, even short-term disruptions, results in serious, permanent damage to a child’s emotional, cognitive and social development.
Disruptions can occur in 3 basic ways - Short-term separation, long-term deprivation and privation.
Bowlby described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves - Protest, Despair and Detachment.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation.
For example, Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.
This suggests that Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation is valid.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there is contradictory research.
For example, Lewis (1954) partially replicated Bowlby’s 44 thieves study on a larger scale, looking at 500 young people.
In her sample, a history of early prolonged maternal separation did not predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships.
This suggests that Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation isn’t valid, because other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation, but Bowlby’s 44 thieves study is high in validity, as case studies provide rich and insightful data.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Bowlby used the term ‘critical period.’
However, later research has shown that damage is not inevitable and it may just be a sensitive period instead.
Example

Answer 18

For example, Koluchova (1976) reported the case of twin boys from Czechoslovakia who were isolated from the age of 18 months until they were 7 years old.
Subsequently, there were looked after by 2 loving adults and appeared to recover fully

Question 19

Discuss Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby believed that infants form a single attachment and that there is a critical period for this.
If an attachment is disrupted or not formed after this, it is too late - The consequences cannot be reversed.
The internal working model forms a template for later relationships and Bowlby’s consequences of maternal deprivation include delinquency, low IQ and affectionless psychopathy.
Bowlby argues that disruption of the attachment bond, even short-term disruptions, results in serious, permanent damage to a child’s emotional, cognitive and social development.
Disruptions can occur in 3 basic ways - Short-term separation, long-term deprivation and privation.
Bowlby described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves - Protest, Despair and Detachment.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation.
For example, Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.
This suggests that Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation is valid.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there is contradictory research.
For example, Lewis (1954) partially replicated Bowlby’s 44 thieves study on a larger scale, looking at 500 young people.
In her sample, a history of early prolonged maternal separation did not predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships.
This suggests that Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation isn’t valid, because other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation, but Bowlby’s 44 thieves study is high in validity, as case studies provide rich and insightful data.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Bowlby used the term ‘critical period.’
However, later research has shown that damage is not inevitable and it may just be a sensitive period instead.
For example, Koluchova (1976) reported the case of twin boys from Czechoslovakia who were isolated from the age of 18 months until they were 7 years old.
Subsequently, there were looked after by 2 loving adults and appeared to recover fully.
What do cases like this show?

Answer 19

Cases like this show that the period identified by Bowlby may be a ‘sensitive’ one, but it cannot be critical

Question 20

Discuss Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby believed that infants form a single attachment and that there is a critical period for this.
If an attachment is disrupted or not formed after this, it is too late - The consequences cannot be reversed.
The internal working model forms a template for later relationships and Bowlby’s consequences of maternal deprivation include delinquency, low IQ and affectionless psychopathy.
Bowlby argues that disruption of the attachment bond, even short-term disruptions, results in serious, permanent damage to a child’s emotional, cognitive and social development.
Disruptions can occur in 3 basic ways - Short-term separation, long-term deprivation and privation.
Bowlby described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves - Protest, Despair and Detachment.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation.
For example, Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.
This suggests that Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation is valid.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there is contradictory research.
For example, Lewis (1954) partially replicated Bowlby’s 44 thieves study on a larger scale, looking at 500 young people.
In her sample, a history of early prolonged maternal separation did not predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships.
This suggests that Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation isn’t valid, because other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation, but Bowlby’s 44 thieves study is high in validity, as case studies provide rich and insightful data.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Bowlby used the term ‘critical period.’
However, later research has shown that damage is not inevitable and it may just be a sensitive period instead.
For example, Koluchova (1976) reported the case of twin boys from Czechoslovakia who were isolated from the age of 18 months until they were 7 years old.
Subsequently, there were looked after by 2 loving adults and appeared to recover fully.
Cases like this show that the period identified by Bowlby may be a ‘sensitive’ one, but it cannot be critical.
Therefore, what?

Answer 20

Therefore, Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation is not valid

Question 21

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks)

Answer 21

Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation

Question 22

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Who did Koluchova report on?

Answer 22

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth

Question 23

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, what happened?

Answer 23

When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years

Question 24

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
Where was the father?

Answer 24

The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job

Question 25

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job.
Discovered at age what?

Answer 25

Discovered at age 7

Question 26

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job.
Discovered at age 7, the twins what?

Answer 26

Discovered at age 7, the twins lacked speech and were underdeveloped physically

Question 27

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job.
Discovered at age 7, the twins lacked speech and were underdeveloped physically.
What happened to the boys?

Answer 27

The boys were given physical therapy and put into a school for children with severe learning difficulties

Question 28

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job.
Discovered at age 7, the twins lacked speech and were underdeveloped physically.
The boys were given physical therapy and put into a school for children with severe learning difficulties and were then what?

Answer 28

The boys were given physical therapy and put into a school for children with severe learning difficulties and were then adopted by 2 child-centred sisters

Question 29

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job.
Discovered at age 7, the twins lacked speech and were underdeveloped physically.
The boys were given physical therapy and put into a school for children with severe learning difficulties and were then adopted by 2 child-centred sisters.
At age 14, what?

Answer 29

At age 14, their intellectual, social, emotional and behavioural functioning was near normal

Question 30

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job.
Discovered at age 7, the twins lacked speech and were underdeveloped physically.
The boys were given physical therapy and put into a school for children with severe learning difficulties and were then adopted by 2 child-centred sisters.
At age 14, their intellectual, social, emotional and behavioural functioning was near normal.
What did Koluchova document in 1991?

Answer 30

Koluchova documented in 1991 that as adults, both married and had children.
They were happy and stable and had warm relationships with their families

Question 31

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job.
Discovered at age 7, the twins lacked speech and were underdeveloped physically.
The boys were given physical therapy and put into a school for children with severe learning difficulties and were then adopted by 2 child-centred sisters.
At age 14, their intellectual, social, emotional and behavioural functioning was near normal.
Koluchova documented in 1991 that as adults, both married and had children.
They were happy and stable and had warm relationships with their families.
What is the conclusion of this case study?

Answer 31

The conclusion of this case study is that the effects of privation are reversible

Question 32

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job.
Discovered at age 7, the twins lacked speech and were underdeveloped physically.
The boys were given physical therapy and put into a school for children with severe learning difficulties and were then adopted by 2 child-centred sisters.
At age 14, their intellectual, social, emotional and behavioural functioning was near normal.
Koluchova documented in 1991 that as adults, both married and had children.
They were happy and stable and had warm relationships with their families.
The conclusion of this case study is that the effects of privation are reversible.

First AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 32

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Bowlby found a relationship between early separation and affectionless psychopathy/delinquency, but we cannot definitively conclude that the separation was the cause

Question 33

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job.
Discovered at age 7, the twins lacked speech and were underdeveloped physically.
The boys were given physical therapy and put into a school for children with severe learning difficulties and were then adopted by 2 child-centred sisters.
At age 14, their intellectual, social, emotional and behavioural functioning was near normal.
Koluchova documented in 1991 that as adults, both married and had children.
They were happy and stable and had warm relationships with their families.
The conclusion of this case study is that the effects of privation are reversible.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Bowlby found a relationship between early separation and affectionless psychopathy/delinquency, but we cannot definitively conclude that the separation was the cause.
What may there have been?

Answer 33

There may have been a third unidentified variable that accounted for the affectionless psychopathy/delinquency

Question 34

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job.
Discovered at age 7, the twins lacked speech and were underdeveloped physically.
The boys were given physical therapy and put into a school for children with severe learning difficulties and were then adopted by 2 child-centred sisters.
At age 14, their intellectual, social, emotional and behavioural functioning was near normal.
Koluchova documented in 1991 that as adults, both married and had children.
They were happy and stable and had warm relationships with their families.
The conclusion of this case study is that the effects of privation are reversible.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Bowlby found a relationship between early separation and affectionless psychopathy/delinquency, but we cannot definitively conclude that the separation was the cause.
There may have been a third unidentified variable that accounted for the affectionless psychopathy/delinquency.
Example

Answer 34

For example, the immediate cause of the separation (such as neglect or abuse) might have been the direct cause of problems experienced at adolescence, rather than the separation itself

Question 35

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job.
Discovered at age 7, the twins lacked speech and were underdeveloped physically.
The boys were given physical therapy and put into a school for children with severe learning difficulties and were then adopted by 2 child-centred sisters.
At age 14, their intellectual, social, emotional and behavioural functioning was near normal.
Koluchova documented in 1991 that as adults, both married and had children.
They were happy and stable and had warm relationships with their families.
The conclusion of this case study is that the effects of privation are reversible.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Bowlby found a relationship between early separation and affectionless psychopathy/delinquency, but we cannot definitively conclude that the separation was the cause.
There may have been a third unidentified variable that accounted for the affectionless psychopathy/delinquency.
For example, the immediate cause of the separation (such as neglect or abuse) might have been the direct cause of problems experienced at adolescence, rather than the separation itself.

Second AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 35

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is also contradictory research for Bowlby’s study

Question 36

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job.
Discovered at age 7, the twins lacked speech and were underdeveloped physically.
The boys were given physical therapy and put into a school for children with severe learning difficulties and were then adopted by 2 child-centred sisters.
At age 14, their intellectual, social, emotional and behavioural functioning was near normal.
Koluchova documented in 1991 that as adults, both married and had children.
They were happy and stable and had warm relationships with their families.
The conclusion of this case study is that the effects of privation are reversible.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Bowlby found a relationship between early separation and affectionless psychopathy/delinquency, but we cannot definitively conclude that the separation was the cause.
There may have been a third unidentified variable that accounted for the affectionless psychopathy/delinquency.
For example, the immediate cause of the separation (such as neglect or abuse) might have been the direct cause of problems experienced at adolescence, rather than the separation itself.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is also contradictory research for Bowlby’s study.
Example

Answer 36

For example, Lewis (1954) partially replicated Bowlby’s 44 thieves study on a larger scale, looking at 500 young people.
In her sample, a history of early prolonged maternal separation did not predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships

Question 37

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job.
Discovered at age 7, the twins lacked speech and were underdeveloped physically.
The boys were given physical therapy and put into a school for children with severe learning difficulties and were then adopted by 2 child-centred sisters.
At age 14, their intellectual, social, emotional and behavioural functioning was near normal.
Koluchova documented in 1991 that as adults, both married and had children.
They were happy and stable and had warm relationships with their families.
The conclusion of this case study is that the effects of privation are reversible.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Bowlby found a relationship between early separation and affectionless psychopathy/delinquency, but we cannot definitively conclude that the separation was the cause.
There may have been a third unidentified variable that accounted for the affectionless psychopathy/delinquency.
For example, the immediate cause of the separation (such as neglect or abuse) might have been the direct cause of problems experienced at adolescence, rather than the separation itself.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is also contradictory research for Bowlby’s study.
For example, Lewis (1954) partially replicated Bowlby’s 44 thieves study on a larger scale, looking at 500 young people.
In her sample, a history of early prolonged maternal separation did not predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships.
Why does this suggest that Bowlby’s findings aren’t valid?

Answer 37

This suggests that Bowlby’s findings aren’t valid, because other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation

Question 38

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job.
Discovered at age 7, the twins lacked speech and were underdeveloped physically.
The boys were given physical therapy and put into a school for children with severe learning difficulties and were then adopted by 2 child-centred sisters.
At age 14, their intellectual, social, emotional and behavioural functioning was near normal.
Koluchova documented in 1991 that as adults, both married and had children.
They were happy and stable and had warm relationships with their families.
The conclusion of this case study is that the effects of privation are reversible.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Bowlby found a relationship between early separation and affectionless psychopathy/delinquency, but we cannot definitively conclude that the separation was the cause.
There may have been a third unidentified variable that accounted for the affectionless psychopathy/delinquency.
For example, the immediate cause of the separation (such as neglect or abuse) might have been the direct cause of problems experienced at adolescence, rather than the separation itself.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is also contradictory research for Bowlby’s study.
For example, Lewis (1954) partially replicated Bowlby’s 44 thieves study on a larger scale, looking at 500 young people.
In her sample, a history of early prolonged maternal separation did not predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships.
This suggests that Bowlby’s findings aren’t valid, because other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation, but why is Bowlby’s 44 thieves study high in validity?

Answer 38

This suggests that Bowlby’s findings aren’t valid, because other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation, but Bowlby’s 44 thieves study is high in validity, as case studies provide rich and insightful data

Question 39

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job.
Discovered at age 7, the twins lacked speech and were underdeveloped physically.
The boys were given physical therapy and put into a school for children with severe learning difficulties and were then adopted by 2 child-centred sisters.
At age 14, their intellectual, social, emotional and behavioural functioning was near normal.
Koluchova documented in 1991 that as adults, both married and had children.
They were happy and stable and had warm relationships with their families.
The conclusion of this case study is that the effects of privation are reversible.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Bowlby found a relationship between early separation and affectionless psychopathy/delinquency, but we cannot definitively conclude that the separation was the cause.
There may have been a third unidentified variable that accounted for the affectionless psychopathy/delinquency.
For example, the immediate cause of the separation (such as neglect or abuse) might have been the direct cause of problems experienced at adolescence, rather than the separation itself.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is also contradictory research for Bowlby’s study.
For example, Lewis (1954) partially replicated Bowlby’s 44 thieves study on a larger scale, looking at 500 young people.
In her sample, a history of early prolonged maternal separation did not predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships.
This suggests that Bowlby’s findings aren’t valid, because other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation, but Bowlby’s 44 thieves study is high in validity, as case studies provide rich and insightful data.

Third AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 39

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of Bowlby’s study is investigator effects

Question 40

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job.
Discovered at age 7, the twins lacked speech and were underdeveloped physically.
The boys were given physical therapy and put into a school for children with severe learning difficulties and were then adopted by 2 child-centred sisters.
At age 14, their intellectual, social, emotional and behavioural functioning was near normal.
Koluchova documented in 1991 that as adults, both married and had children.
They were happy and stable and had warm relationships with their families.
The conclusion of this case study is that the effects of privation are reversible.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Bowlby found a relationship between early separation and affectionless psychopathy/delinquency, but we cannot definitively conclude that the separation was the cause.
There may have been a third unidentified variable that accounted for the affectionless psychopathy/delinquency.
For example, the immediate cause of the separation (such as neglect or abuse) might have been the direct cause of problems experienced at adolescence, rather than the separation itself.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is also contradictory research for Bowlby’s study.
For example, Lewis (1954) partially replicated Bowlby’s 44 thieves study on a larger scale, looking at 500 young people.
In her sample, a history of early prolonged maternal separation did not predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships.
This suggests that Bowlby’s findings aren’t valid, because other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation, but Bowlby’s 44 thieves study is high in validity, as case studies provide rich and insightful data.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of Bowlby’s study is investigator effects.
What did Bowlby do himself?

Answer 40

Bowlby designed and conducted the self-reports himself

Question 41

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job.
Discovered at age 7, the twins lacked speech and were underdeveloped physically.
The boys were given physical therapy and put into a school for children with severe learning difficulties and were then adopted by 2 child-centred sisters.
At age 14, their intellectual, social, emotional and behavioural functioning was near normal.
Koluchova documented in 1991 that as adults, both married and had children.
They were happy and stable and had warm relationships with their families.
The conclusion of this case study is that the effects of privation are reversible.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Bowlby found a relationship between early separation and affectionless psychopathy/delinquency, but we cannot definitively conclude that the separation was the cause.
There may have been a third unidentified variable that accounted for the affectionless psychopathy/delinquency.
For example, the immediate cause of the separation (such as neglect or abuse) might have been the direct cause of problems experienced at adolescence, rather than the separation itself.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is also contradictory research for Bowlby’s study.
For example, Lewis (1954) partially replicated Bowlby’s 44 thieves study on a larger scale, looking at 500 young people.
In her sample, a history of early prolonged maternal separation did not predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships.
This suggests that Bowlby’s findings aren’t valid, because other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation, but Bowlby’s 44 thieves study is high in validity, as case studies provide rich and insightful data.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of Bowlby’s study is investigator effects.
Bowlby designed and conducted the self-reports himself and as a result, what?

Answer 41

Bowlby designed and conducted the self-reports himself and as a result, his presence and interpretation might have influenced the outcome of the research

Question 42

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job.
Discovered at age 7, the twins lacked speech and were underdeveloped physically.
The boys were given physical therapy and put into a school for children with severe learning difficulties and were then adopted by 2 child-centred sisters.
At age 14, their intellectual, social, emotional and behavioural functioning was near normal.
Koluchova documented in 1991 that as adults, both married and had children.
They were happy and stable and had warm relationships with their families.
The conclusion of this case study is that the effects of privation are reversible.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Bowlby found a relationship between early separation and affectionless psychopathy/delinquency, but we cannot definitively conclude that the separation was the cause.
There may have been a third unidentified variable that accounted for the affectionless psychopathy/delinquency.
For example, the immediate cause of the separation (such as neglect or abuse) might have been the direct cause of problems experienced at adolescence, rather than the separation itself.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is also contradictory research for Bowlby’s study.
For example, Lewis (1954) partially replicated Bowlby’s 44 thieves study on a larger scale, looking at 500 young people.
In her sample, a history of early prolonged maternal separation did not predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships.
This suggests that Bowlby’s findings aren’t valid, because other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation, but Bowlby’s 44 thieves study is high in validity, as case studies provide rich and insightful data.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of Bowlby’s study is investigator effects.
Bowlby designed and conducted the self-reports himself and as a result, his presence and interpretation might have influenced the outcome of the research.
What might Bowlby’s diagnosis of affectionless psychopathy have been distorted by?

Answer 42

Bowlby’s diagnosis of affectionless psychopathy might have been distorted by researcher confirmation bias

Question 43

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job.
Discovered at age 7, the twins lacked speech and were underdeveloped physically.
The boys were given physical therapy and put into a school for children with severe learning difficulties and were then adopted by 2 child-centred sisters.
At age 14, their intellectual, social, emotional and behavioural functioning was near normal.
Koluchova documented in 1991 that as adults, both married and had children.
They were happy and stable and had warm relationships with their families.
The conclusion of this case study is that the effects of privation are reversible.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Bowlby found a relationship between early separation and affectionless psychopathy/delinquency, but we cannot definitively conclude that the separation was the cause.
There may have been a third unidentified variable that accounted for the affectionless psychopathy/delinquency.
For example, the immediate cause of the separation (such as neglect or abuse) might have been the direct cause of problems experienced at adolescence, rather than the separation itself.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is also contradictory research for Bowlby’s study.
For example, Lewis (1954) partially replicated Bowlby’s 44 thieves study on a larger scale, looking at 500 young people.
In her sample, a history of early prolonged maternal separation did not predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships.
This suggests that Bowlby’s findings aren’t valid, because other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation, but Bowlby’s 44 thieves study is high in validity, as case studies provide rich and insightful data.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of Bowlby’s study is investigator effects.
Bowlby designed and conducted the self-reports himself and as a result, his presence and interpretation might have influenced the outcome of the research.
Bowlby’s diagnosis of affectionless psychopathy might have been distorted by researcher confirmation bias.

Fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 43

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Koluchova’s study was an in-depth case study where a lot of data was gathered and measures such as IQ tests were used

Question 44

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job.
Discovered at age 7, the twins lacked speech and were underdeveloped physically.
The boys were given physical therapy and put into a school for children with severe learning difficulties and were then adopted by 2 child-centred sisters.
At age 14, their intellectual, social, emotional and behavioural functioning was near normal.
Koluchova documented in 1991 that as adults, both married and had children.
They were happy and stable and had warm relationships with their families.
The conclusion of this case study is that the effects of privation are reversible.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Bowlby found a relationship between early separation and affectionless psychopathy/delinquency, but we cannot definitively conclude that the separation was the cause.
There may have been a third unidentified variable that accounted for the affectionless psychopathy/delinquency.
For example, the immediate cause of the separation (such as neglect or abuse) might have been the direct cause of problems experienced at adolescence, rather than the separation itself.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is also contradictory research for Bowlby’s study.
For example, Lewis (1954) partially replicated Bowlby’s 44 thieves study on a larger scale, looking at 500 young people.
In her sample, a history of early prolonged maternal separation did not predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships.
This suggests that Bowlby’s findings aren’t valid, because other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation, but Bowlby’s 44 thieves study is high in validity, as case studies provide rich and insightful data.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of Bowlby’s study is investigator effects.
Bowlby designed and conducted the self-reports himself and as a result, his presence and interpretation might have influenced the outcome of the research.
Bowlby’s diagnosis of affectionless psychopathy might have been distorted by researcher confirmation bias.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Koluchova’s study was an in-depth case study where a lot of data was gathered and measures such as IQ tests were used, so what?

Answer 44

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Koluchova’s study was an in-depth case study where a lot of data was gathered and measures such as IQ tests were used, so it is likely that the data about the real-life situation of the twins is valid

Question 45

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job.
Discovered at age 7, the twins lacked speech and were underdeveloped physically.
The boys were given physical therapy and put into a school for children with severe learning difficulties and were then adopted by 2 child-centred sisters.
At age 14, their intellectual, social, emotional and behavioural functioning was near normal.
Koluchova documented in 1991 that as adults, both married and had children.
They were happy and stable and had warm relationships with their families.
The conclusion of this case study is that the effects of privation are reversible.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Bowlby found a relationship between early separation and affectionless psychopathy/delinquency, but we cannot definitively conclude that the separation was the cause.
There may have been a third unidentified variable that accounted for the affectionless psychopathy/delinquency.
For example, the immediate cause of the separation (such as neglect or abuse) might have been the direct cause of problems experienced at adolescence, rather than the separation itself.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is also contradictory research for Bowlby’s study.
For example, Lewis (1954) partially replicated Bowlby’s 44 thieves study on a larger scale, looking at 500 young people.
In her sample, a history of early prolonged maternal separation did not predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships.
This suggests that Bowlby’s findings aren’t valid, because other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation, but Bowlby’s 44 thieves study is high in validity, as case studies provide rich and insightful data.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of Bowlby’s study is investigator effects.
Bowlby designed and conducted the self-reports himself and as a result, his presence and interpretation might have influenced the outcome of the research.
Bowlby’s diagnosis of affectionless psychopathy might have been distorted by researcher confirmation bias.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Koluchova’s study was an in-depth case study where a lot of data was gathered and measures such as IQ tests were used, so it is likely that the data about the real-life situation of the twins is valid.
What does this mean?

Answer 45

This means that the results can be applied to real-life

Question 46

Outline research into maternal deprivation (16 marks).
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy and 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation.
In the control group, only 2 had had such a separation.

Koluchova reported on identical twins whose mother died soon after their birth.
When their father remarried, the stepmother locked them in a cellar for 5 and a half years.
The father was mainly absent from the home, due to his job.
Discovered at age 7, the twins lacked speech and were underdeveloped physically.
The boys were given physical therapy and put into a school for children with severe learning difficulties and were then adopted by 2 child-centred sisters.
At age 14, their intellectual, social, emotional and behavioural functioning was near normal.
Koluchova documented in 1991 that as adults, both married and had children.
They were happy and stable and had warm relationships with their families.
The conclusion of this case study is that the effects of privation are reversible.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Bowlby found a relationship between early separation and affectionless psychopathy/delinquency, but we cannot definitively conclude that the separation was the cause.
There may have been a third unidentified variable that accounted for the affectionless psychopathy/delinquency.
For example, the immediate cause of the separation (such as neglect or abuse) might have been the direct cause of problems experienced at adolescence, rather than the separation itself.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is also contradictory research for Bowlby’s study.
For example, Lewis (1954) partially replicated Bowlby’s 44 thieves study on a larger scale, looking at 500 young people.
In her sample, a history of early prolonged maternal separation did not predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships.
This suggests that Bowlby’s findings aren’t valid, because other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation, but Bowlby’s 44 thieves study is high in validity, as case studies provide rich and insightful data.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of Bowlby’s study is investigator effects.
Bowlby designed and conducted the self-reports himself and as a result, his presence and interpretation might have influenced the outcome of the research.
Bowlby’s diagnosis of affectionless psychopathy might have been distorted by researcher confirmation bias.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Koluchova’s study was an in-depth case study where a lot of data was gathered and measures such as IQ tests were used, so it is likely that the data about the real-life situation of the twins is valid.
This means that the results can be applied to real-life, why?

Answer 46

This means that the results can be applied to real-life, as they can be generalised to other children